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t7. 7 



GEOGRAPHICAL and STATISTICAL 



VIEW 



or 



MASSACHUSETTS 



PROPER. 



»Y RODOLPHUS DICKINSON, Eso. 




GREENFIELD, 



PR.IHTED BY DENIO AND PHELPS. 



1813. 



GREENriELD, MasS. MAUCH, 1813. 

THE following view comprises the principal part of a work, for the pubK- 
cation of which a subscription was attempted, that proved unsuccessful.* For the 
more convenient insertion of the tables, it is offered to the public in the present 
form ; with a hope that it may be interesting, and found to add something 
to the means of geographical and statistical information. Several states have been 
minutely and philosophically described ; but were some gentleman to furnish even 
as limited a sketch as this, of every other section of the union, it would not per- 
haps be deemed vain to presume, that with such aids, and the materials already 
in possession, a native or foreign geographer would be enabled to prepare a 
more extensive and satisfactory description of our country, thap any that has hith- 
erto been published. The author aspires at least to the merit of impartiality. 
The citizens of Massachusetts will here find no ungenerous discriminations to ex- 
cite their regret ; and to them, this humble effort is respectfully inscribed. 

R. D. 



* The writer sincerely thanks his friends and fellow citizens, Who encourag- 
ed his proposals, and informs them that they are discharged from all responsibili- 
ty as subscribers. Their patronage of this work, however, will be gratefully 
accepted. 



DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit : 

DISTRICT clerk's OFFICE. 

Be it remembered, That on the twentieth day of October, A. D. 1812, 
t. s. and in the thirty seventh year of the Independence of the United States 

of America, Rodolphus Dickinson, of the said district, has deposited 
ih this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he clainas as author, in the 
words following, to wit : 

** A Geographical and Statistical View of Massachusetts Proper.— 
By Rodolphus Dickinson, Esq." 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States', entitled, " as 
act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and 
books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein 
mentioned ;" and also to an act entitled "an act supplementary to an act, enti- 
tled, an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, 
charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, 
eoaravinji, and etching historical afld other prints." 

^ Wm. S. SHAW, 

Clerk of the District of Massachusetts. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Extent. 

THE greatest length of Massachusetts* may be estimated at 175, and its great- 
est breadth at 90 miles. The northern line is about 125 ; the southern, extend- 
ing from the south western corner to the eastern extremity of the state, if its cir- 
cuitous course be pursued, is more than 200 ; the western about 50, and the 
country for nearly 100 miles eastwardly, preserves almost an uniform width, be- 
yond which it diverges, aad forms the greatest breadth. The medial length may 
be stated at about 150, and the medial breadth at 60 miles. 

Situation. 

It is presumed that the latitude and longitude of the extreme parts of 
Massachusetts have never been precisely ascertained by astronomical observa- 
tions ; but without much inaccuracy, it may be said to be situated between 41°' 
3 1^ and 42° 52^ of nofth latitude, and between 69° 53^ and 73° 2 1^ of west loa- 
jgitude.f 

Boundaries. 

Massachusetts is bounded on the north by the state of Vermont and New 
Hampshire ; on the east by ihe Atlantic ocean ; on the south by the same 
ocean, the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and on the west by the 
state of New York. 



* For convenience and brevity, tlie terms Massachusetts and State are uniform- 
ly applied to Massachusetts Proper, although the District of Maine forms an in-. 
tegral part of the commonwealth. 

f From the map of Ofgood Carleton : 
Xiatitude of the northern extremity of Massachusetts, 

being in Essex county, - . 42* 5 1 ^ ■ 

Lat. of southern extremity, on uhe continent, Bristol 

county, .... 

Do. of southern point of Nantucket Island, 
Do. of N. W. corner of state, 
Do. of S. W. corner, ... 

Longitude of the eastern extremity of the state, in 

Barnstable county, - . . ^v ■> ■* » T,r ,. 

Long, of N. W. corner of state, - - ni "'g ( Westfroru 

»9. of S. W. corner, , . - . 7« 21 I London. 



4» 


31 


41 


13 


42 


43 


42 


3 


69 


53 


73 


8 


73 


2' 



« VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

Civil Divisions. 

Massachusetts is divided into fourteen counties, namely, Berkshire, 
Hampshire, Franklin, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suf- 
folk, Norfolk, Plymouth, Brisiol, Barnstable, Duke's, and Nantucket. Berk- 
shire forms the western section of the state, and extends from Vermont to Con- 
necticut : Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden, which taken together extend al- 
so across the state, are situated between Berkshire and Worcester, Hampshire be- 
ing the central, Franklin the northern, and Hampden the southern county : 
Worcester is situated between the three last named counties, and those of 
Middlesex and Norfolk, with New Hampshire on the north,and Connecticut and 
Rhode Island on the south : Middlesex also borders north upon New Hamp- 
shire, and east upon some of the maritime counties, though a point of it extends 
to the sea : Jissex, on the sea coast, has the same northern boundary, and Suf- 
folk constitutes iis southern, and Middlesex its western limits. Suffolk, a mari- 
time county, consisting principally of the peninsula of Boston, has Norfolk on 
the south, and Middlesex on the west : Norfolk is bounded east by Massachu- 
setts bay, south by Plymouth and Bristol, and west by Worcester and Middle- 
sex : Plymouth is situated on the sea coast, with Barnstable and Buzzard's bay 
on the south, and Bristol on the west : that bay forms the southern boundary of 
Bristol, and its western is the state of Rhode Island : Barnstable constitutes the 
extreme eastern section of Massachusetts, is conaected with Plymouth by an in- 
considerable neck of land, and otherwise surrounded by water : and south of 
Barnstable in the Atlantic, are situated the islands of Martha's Vineyard and 
Nantucket, the former composing principally the county of Duke's, and the lat- 
ter forming the county of Nantucket. 

The subdivisions of the counties consist of towns, district's, and a few unin- 
corporated places, a table of which is for various purposes attached to this work. 
Massachusetts contains no incorporated cities. 

Face of i?he Country. 

MassSchusetts is a diversified country. The south eastarn part is principally 
level, presenting plains of great extent. There are also extensive level districts 
in the vicinity of the Merrimack river, in the north east. Salt marshes are nu- 
merous in the maritime parts of the state, though not very extensive. Most of 
that section bordering on the sea coast, and extending tov.'ards the interior as far 
as the county of Worcester, may be regarded as a level division, exhibiting but 
inconsiderable elevations. The five western counties of Worcester, Hampshire, 
Franklin, Hampden, and Berkshire, present the greatest irreg-ularity of surface, 
and constitute the highlands of the sfr^te. T-hese counties, however, abound in 
vast tracts of elevated lands diversified with gentle swells, in large districts of 
pine plains, in valleys of various extent, as well as in wide intervals, particularly 
on the banks of Connecticut river. 

There is a considerable extent of country on that river, which Is evidently of 
alluvial formation. This, exhibiting some inequality of surface, spreads from the 
hills in Gill, Bernardston, and Leyden, on the north, to Mount Holyoke, Mount 
Tom, and an elevated range extending south westerly through Westlleld, on the 
south. The eastern margin skirts the highlands in Montague, Sunderland, and 
Hadley ; the western, those of Greenfield, Deerfield, VVhateJy, Hatfield, North- 
ampton, Southampton, and Westfield. The extent from north to south is about 
forty miles j the breadth is variable, but la no place exceeds five miles. The 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. S 

principal part of this valley Is a rich mould free from stone, and in some places 
sandy pine plains prevail. Within the valley is a range of hills comnisncing at 
Sugar Loaf bluff, near the southern line of Deerfield, and extending nortl'.erly 
to the upper part of Greenfield. Excepting this range, appearances justify the 
belief that this valley was formerly a lake, tlircugh which llowcd Connecticut 
river ; and that the highlands at South Hadley falls, having been worn down to 
the level of the valley, the waters drained off, and left in many parts a rich in- 
terval soil, brought down from the upper country.* Connecticut river now winds 
through this valley, and forms the site of several villages. 

At the foot of South Hadley falls another alluvial region commences, embrac- 
ing a part of Springfield, West Springfield, and Long Meadow, and extending 
into the state of Connecticut. 

Massachusetts, in a comparative view, is very extensively opened by cultiva- 
tion, which may be attributed to the priority of its settlement to that of most of 
the other states, its maritime situation, the general good quality and feasible char- 
acter of the soil, the superior plans of agriculture, and to various other causes. 

This state exhibits, comparatively, no very extensive forests ; the cultivated 
parts of the farms being, in general, accompanied only with proportionate wood- 
iands. Those that in their extent claim the most particular notice, are spread 
upon the western range of mountains, the northern part of the Hoosack, and upon 
the high ridges which extend along the banks of Deerfield river, to a considera- 
ble distance east of the latter chain. There are also large forests upon some of 
the ranges of mountains ar.d hills near Connecticut river : and la the same quar- 
ter, as in other parts of the state, especially the south eastern counties, are nu- 
merous level, and extensive forests of pines. The last mentioned section is also 
varied by less considerable plains covered with shrub oaks, and by cedar swamps. 

The forests present a thick and handsome foliage, f and are uniformly pervad- 
ed by a great proportion of shrubbery, which distinguish them from the more open 
appearance of those in the central, southern, and western states. We have no 
natural savannahs, or open elevated barrens, interspersed only with clusters ot 
trees, which abound particularly in the southern and south western sections of the 
union. 

The state is almost universally well watered. The subterranean waters fur- 
nished by the sinking of wells, are very pure and wholesome ; and the streams 
of every description are remarkably clear and beautiful. 

Massachusetts is indeed distinguished by all the ordinary, most of the beauti- 
ful, and some of the sublime features of nature : by rivers of various descriptions, 
expansive, tranquil, narrow, and broken, a rc'guldr gradation of kss iiiportant 
streams, and almost innumerable livulets, which so generaliy intersec* the surface, 
and contribute to decorate and enrich the country ; by an extensive and pictur- 
esque maritime region, diversified with isianJi, ca;.es, bays, and numerous inlets ; 



* By a similar operation it is probable tiiat sll intervals have been formed, 
and consef[uently that they are alluvia! : and although their surfaces generally pre- 
sent a fine earth divested of stone, yet at a considerable depth, they are probably 
composed of it, as extensively as the surrounding hills. 

t " The powers of coloring may be exerted to the utmost in representing the 
rich variety, and dazzling brilliancy of our autumnal foliage. An English artist, 
who was requested to naict this American foliage, with an intention of sending 
the picture to England, rcfiised to put it on the canvas as it really is, lest his 
painting might be taken for caricature in England, where as this painter suppos- 
ed} it would never be t-iivvcd to be an in.ltation of nature." 



6 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

by the variegated aspect of well cultured high grounds, plains* and valleys, inter- 
spersed wltl) delightful villages, hamlets, farm houses, orchards, groves, and wide 
spreading woodlands, some of which are scarcely checkered by the hand of man ; 
by elevated, wide, and far extended hills, and by some majtttic mountains ex. 
ceeded in height by few in the Uoited States, and crswned with precipitous sum- 
mits, commanding such prospects of " romantic wildsess and cultivated beauty," 
as may be justly classed among the most interesting and magnificent scenes,* 

Interior Structure. 

The interior region of Massachusetts consists mostly of granite. That this, 
though of various aspect and composition, constitutes the base of the country, as 
far as respects stoct, is sufficiently indicated by its appearance on the surface in 
?.lmost every little district, particularly upon those highlands where the soil is 
light, and in general, thinly spread over this sub-stratum ; by detached rocks of 
the same species in those and other parts, and in the beds of all our streams ; by 
the rugged margins which those streams present in various places, where by the 
.'force of their waters, deep channels have been formed through extensive masses 
of that stone ; and by the numerous granitic precipices, which our hills and moun- 
tains display. To this general description there are some exceptions. A large 
section of the county of Worcester consists of grit or sandstone ; and the county 
of Beikshire is extensively a calcareous or limestone district. It may also be re- 
marked that Cape Cod is an extensive collection of sand ; that Massachusetts 
exhibits considerable alluvial tracts ; and that a topographical view of the interior 
structure of the state, would furnish a variety of specimens interspersed with the 
prevailing kinds, and unfold numerous local deviations from any general facts on 
this subject. It is presumed that the direction of the strata in our beds of stone, 
has not been investigated ; and from the diversity observed to exist, the natural- 
ist might perhaps find it impracticable, to reduce his iaquiries in this particular, t« 
any systematic result. 

Soil, Agriculture, and Productions. 

The quality of the soil in this state ie exceedingly various, comprising every 
description from the most luxuriantly fertile to the most unproductive : an obser- 
vation which is uniformly true of every extensive country of an uneven suiface^ 
and is generally applicable even to a single township. 

The soils of Massachusetts, though presenting many diversities, may be regard- 
ed under the general distinctions of loam, sand, gravel, and clay, accordingly as 
either of those materials is predominant. The most general soil is a brown loam, 
mingled with gravel and stones. This prevails, in particular, upon the hills and 
mountains. A more fertile loam, principally divested of stone, generally pervadesi 
the valleys and intervals ; but some of the latter are a fine alluvial mould. The 
surface of the white pine plains is mostly a light loam ; and the yellow pine plains 
usually consist of sand and gravel. Soils composed of, or varied with clay, do 
not extensively abound ; but clay, in almost innumerable places, forms the found- 
ation of the superficial strata- Small tracts Qf peat earth are also found in some 
parts of the state. 

* The bleak and rugged summits of some high mountains, through which 
I'leerheld liver winds, on leaving the Hoosack, revive in the mind the character- 
ijijc scenery vi Switzerland, displayed in tke animated descriptions of so marfy 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 7 

The south eastern counties exhibit numerous fertile districts ; but they are very 
extensively diversified with a light sandy soil. In the vicinity of Boston, the 
country, though not distinguished for its fertility, is highly cultivated, and alfords 
the metropolis, in addition to other important products, all the vaiiety of fruits 
and vegetables. The more northern, the central, and western parts of the state 
have, in general, a rich soil suited to most of the purposes of aj;riculture. Fev/ 
tracts of land in Massachusetts, of great extent, are so rough or barren, as to be 
incapable of cultivation. Even the pine plains are favorable to some productions, 
and by the use of gypsum or plaster of Paris, are not unfrequenily rendered ferv 
tilfe and productive. The high grounds arc very valuable for grazing, hay,* and 
orchards. The pastures feed numerous herds and flocks, and vast numbers of 
cattle in different parts of the state, are fed for market during tl^.e winter. Ex- 
cellent pork, veal, mutton, and poultry, together wiih the inexhaustibie treasures 
of our waters, are also abundantly furnished for market, and domestic co.^sump- 
tion. 

It is unquestionably true, that Massachusetts and the other eistern states, 
though they present districts as rick as any in the union, contain a greater pro- 
portion of naturally waste lands, than the centra! and western parts of the state of 
New York, the eastern division of Pennsylvania, the states of Kentucky and O- 
hio, the second Egypt on the waters of the Mississippi, and other extensive sec- 
tions of the country, far surpassing this in uniformity of surface. Our mountains 
and hills, though the general characteristic is that of fertility, display to some ex- 
tent, a rocky and unproductive surface- The soil appears to have been consid- 
erably washed from the elevated parts, and carried into the lower districts, which 
has greatly contributed, however, to the fertility of the latter. Our numerous 
plains present quite an ordinary soil. This comparative inequality in the char- 
acter of our soil, renders it almost impracticable, that i!ie cultivation in this state 
should become as universal, as those parts of the United States which have been 
enumerated, will admit. Other parts of the union are far inferior to this, in 
the quality of the soil : aod Massachusetts in this respect, may, perhaps with pro- 
priety, be said to occupy a middle place. The soil of a considerable part of it, 
however, particularly the western division, may be pronounced, on the highest au- 
thority, to be in no respect luferior to the most fertile countries of Europe. 

The farms in Massachusetts generally consist of from one to two hundred 
acres, and rarely exceed three hundred. They are enclosed and divided by 
Stone walls or rail fences, the latter being principally constructed of chesnut tini- 
Ber ; and as wood becomes scarce, which is already the fact in some parts of the 
state, and is produced by the advanced progress of cultivation, aad the vast con- 
sumption of fuel in the large towns, the abundance of stone v/ill probably prevent 
any great recurrence to hedges. Each farm, in proportion to its extent, is sub- 
divided into cultivated, mowing, pasturage, and wood lots, cf from five to twenty 
acres. The houses are sometimes of brick, though in general, of timber, the lat- 
ter being covered with boards and clapboards,, but the roofs of both descriptions 
are boarded and shingled; Houses of logs, with the interstices tilled with clay, 
are numerous in the most recent settlements. Mud-walled habitations and thatch- 
ed roofs are unknown. The houses on the f^ums are mostly of one, though very 
often of two stories, and almost universally, in the villages ; many of the former 
being painted, and the latter very generally. The farm houses usually consist of 

* The principal kinds of cultivated grass are red and whire clover, English, 
herd's, blae, thatch, fowl meadow grass, and a ?i)ecle3 gen'sraHy denomhuted 
red top. 



S VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

a common dining room and kitchen, one or two bed rooms and a buttery, on the 
same floor. Housesj denominated a story and a half, are sometimes built, having 
high posts, and the second floor being three or four feet below the plates, so as 
to admit of chambers, with windows at the ends. Dwelling houses of every kind 
are universally furnished with a cellar, which the nature of the climate renders 
necessary. The other farm buildings are constructed of wood, and besides a 
corn house which Is very common, consist always of a barn proportioned to the 
size of the farm, with a threshing floor in the middle, and adjoining stables and 
sheds, for housing domestic animals. The farms are generally well watered with 
springs and rivulets : wells are almost universal, and subterranean aqueducts very 
numerous. 

As the greater part of the farms are of moderate size, so the capital of the 
farmer is generally proportioned to this circumstance. Most of them cultivate 
their farms with their ov/n hands, aided by their sons when of sufficient age to be 
serviceable. Agriculture In this state is thoroughly understood, and pursued with 
almost unexampled spirit and success. It is usually conducted upon principles 
adapted to the situation and advantage of the individual. Our farmers prefer ex- 
erting their labor upon a large field, to employing the same on a sftiall one. De- 
viating, however, from this rule, in the vicinity of populous towns, and on navi- 
gable waters, where the price of land enters more highly into the farming capital, 
they have paid more attention to husbandry, and increased their produce by addi- 
tional expenditures of labor. The farms are now In a progressive state, froni 
the greater attention given to manures than formerly, the introduction of clover, 
the extensive use of plaster of Paris, which Is particularly suited to our light lands, 
and from various other improvements : and notwithstanding the humiliating pic- 
ture of our agricultural economy, that Is often drawn by Interested strangers, and 
even viewed as a reality by many of our own citizens, it is still true that our 
farmers derive at least as much profit from their farms, In proportion to the capi- 
tal employed, as those in the most prosperous, fertile, and best cultivated parts of 
Europe. Indeed, superior natural, civil, and political advantages, elevate the 
former above all others on earth. 

The principal productions of the soil are Indian corn, rye, wheat, oats, pease, 
beans, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, pumkfns, hops, flax, and hemp.* Indian 
corn may justly be considered as our principal grain, and the most valuable In the 
v/ho!e circle of husbandry. Its increase, compared with that of other grain. Is la 
a greater degree independent of the season, and governed more by the attention 
and care of the cultivator. It is mixed in the proportion of one third, with rye, 
and constitutes the common bread of the inhabitants. The beef, pork, and poul- 
try, fattened with it, are greatly superior to such as are fed on any other grain. 
Besides the crop, the average of which is about twenty eight bushels per acre, 
the forage it affords Is very considerable, every part of the stem and husk being 
applicable to the feeding of cattle. The corn cultivated in this and the adjacent 
states, is a small hardy sort, which ripens early. It is planted in hills at the dis- 
tance of about five feet, and arranged In regular rows, with intervals of about 
three feet. It is generally hoed three times. After the last hoeing, the field 
is left till the plant sheds its farina, when the stalks are cut, a little above where 
the ears are set, tied in bundles, and put up to dry. By this means, an acre of 



* Of the variation of crops, which is productive of such beneficial effects, and 
is styled, " the mystery of real husbandry," nothing can be suggested, as it is the 
result of the various opinions of our farmers, and has never been reduced to any 

system. 



View of Massachusetts. 9 

Corn generally yields about half a ton of very fine fodder, equal, for the use of 
cattle or sheep, to the best hay. Indian corn is planted in the latter part of A- 
pril and beginning of May, and the harvest commences early in October. It is 
observed to be a general defect in our agriculture, that the lands are not plough- 
ed sufficiently deep, and this is particularly applicable to the cultivation of this 
crop, and potatoes. Rye, which is usually sown in September, and denominated 
winter grain, is extensively raised, and a considerable proportion of the plough- 
Jand is well suited to its grovyth. The average quantity may be estimated at 
about twelve bushels per acre. The soil and climate of the state appear not to 
be well suited to the cultivation of wheat, and besides its iiaving been f.iund sub- 
ject to blight in the vicinity of the sea, the general ravages of the fly for a succes- 
sion of years, have operated extensively, as a discctiragement to this agricultural 
pursuit.* Even in the county of Berkshire, the most fertile of any in the state, 
and always distinguished for the prodiiction of wheat, a great revolution has taken 
place, and very little of that grain, compared with the abundance of former years, 
is now cultivated. The average crop of wheat is about fifteen bushels. On the 
old lands, it is generally sown in the spring ; but the most productive kind is cul- 
tivated on the newly cleared grounds, and is sown in autumn. Oats are culti- 
vated on almost every firm, and constitute the principal giain for horses. la 
Some districts they are sown with pease. These are ground with Indian corn, 
and make excellent provender for fattening cattle. Pease are not often cultivated 
separately, owing to the destructive cifects of the bug, which has of late years ex- 
tensively prevailed, bat by sowing them about the middle of June, this evil will 
be avoided. Beans are raised to a considerable extent for domestic consumption^ 
and are also Ctirried to market, where they are purchased for ship-stores. Bar- 
ley and buckwheat are, comparatively, not much cultivated. Most farmers plant 
from half an acre to four acres of potatoes. These constitute a cheap and im- 
mensely important article of consumption in families, besides being extensively 
given to animals. Pumkin seeds are very commonly planted with corn, being in 
general thinly interspersed, and afford a great quantity of this rich vegetable, with 
very little expense or trouble ; tlie crop of corn being in no respect diminished 
by thenl : ti)ese are fed to cattle and swine in the beginning of winter, as it is 
difficult to preserve them after the first of January. Hops are raised in the inte- 
rior of the state for private consumption and in the maritime parts for market. 
Fla.x is principally cultivated for the use of the farmer's family, and is suffered to 
grow ripe tiiat the seed may pay the expense of the culture : and it is said to be 
for this reason that little fine linen is manufactured. f 



* The Canad i thistle, which has spread its ravages over the northern division 
of Vermoi.t, and is thinly scattered over the southern, is gradually advancing up- 
on us, and unless our farmers use the utmost vigilance to arrest its progress, 
■wherever it appears, the effects, upon English grain and pasturage, may become as 
pernicious as in that state, where the husbandman is frequently deprived of half 
the usual crop of grain, the harvest rendered extremely unpleasant and laborious, 
and the pastures sometimes reduced almost to a v/aste. Frequent mowing is 
found to ansv/er the best purpose io preventing the spread of this destructive weed> 
and if pursued, effects its complete eradication, 

f In some parts of this chapter, the writer has availed himself of an essay on 
the agriculture of the United States, by RcLert R. Livingston, Esq. contained 
in the American edition of the New Edinbiirgh Encyclopedia, now publishing in 
Philadelphia, as f ;ir as the information it afforded v/as deemed applicable to the 
state cf Mastrtchusett?, and compstible wi:h the general plan of this small work, 
B 



Id VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

The Intervals on Connecricut river are extensive, and deservedly famed as the 
garden of the state. The farmers in that section have for a long time devoted 
their principal attention to the feeding of cattle, which are mostly purchased of 
those who cultivate the adjacent, and more elevated parts of the country.^' The 
course of agriculture with tlie former, thougk they raise some English grain on 
the uplands, is mostlv coatined to the cultivation of mowing lands, of Indian 
corn, pease, oats, and flax. From the discouragements attending the business of 
fattening cattle, they have lately gone to a small extent into the culture of hemp, 
a spirit which already begins to pervade the commonwealth ;* and a few of them 
have turned their attention to the raising of sheep. Recent events have indeed 
given a spring to this last laudable branch of husbandry in all parts of the state ; 
and a zeal has been evinced in meliorating the breed of this very valuable animal, 
and in acquiring all the various and necessary information reiauve to the whole 
subject, which is highly honorable to tlie intelligence and pa'-.riotlsm of the farm- 
ers of Massachusetts. " There never was a time since the lust settlement of A- 
merica, when such great and general exertions were made to improve the breed 
of sheep, as are making now. The knowledge of the importance of these crea- 
tures, assisted by the seasonable and patriotic labors of a Livingston and Hum- 
phreys, will produce a most beneficial revolution in the economy and agriculture 
of the eastern states. A number of our best farmers, who depended upon a pre- 
carious and fluctuating market for their beef and pork, are fully persuaded, that 
the raising of finer wool bids fair to promote their interest and that of their coun-' 
try, beyond all calculation. The God of nature, in tempering our clime, and 
forming the thousand hills which decorate our landscape, and produce a short, but 
sweet and nutrlcrous herbage, has clearly pointed out to us the economy, which 
row so forcibly strikes our imagination. Our extensive and excellent pastures, 
superior to any in the world, afford a range for these most useful and harmless of 
all animals, well suited to preserve their health and vigor, to improve their species, 
to increase the quantity, and ameliorate the quality of their golden fleece. The 
ii'iual long and cold season of out winter is also favorable tj their nature."f 
Sheep can be reared in situations, and upon soils, where other animals would 
scarcely survive. It may be demonstrated, that of all others, they are of the 
greatest consequence both to the nation and the farmer : and it must be admitted, 
that their annual fleece afi^ords a return, not to be obtained from any other kind 
of stock. Although American farmers are not impressed with these facts, as 



and has occasionally adopted the language of that distinguished citizen at^d farm- 
er; but in a manner so detached and niodiiied, as almost to forbid the usual ac- 
knowledgment. 

* Hemp, though not generally cultivated, affords a most profitable crop on those 
rich bottoms unon which it is sown ; and it is believed to be more congenial to 
ouF eiimate, and to grow much more luxuriantly, thin in any part of Europe. 
In the year i8 i t, Capt. Samuel Weils, an excellent farmer of Deerfield, Frank- 
lin county, raised a crop of hemp on three acres of fertile and highly valuable 
interval land, which he purchased in i8oi, for 2co dollars. The quantity in 
market was 23 cwt. 2 qrs. 16 lbs. the proceeds of which, although sold at the 
ordinary price of 13 dolls. 50 cts. per cwt. amounted to 319 dolls. 17 cts. being 
w»ore than sufiv;ient to pay for the land and labor. The quality of this hemp 
V/a"! pronounced by good judges, equal to the best imported from Russia. 

J It is universally found that both sheep and cattle are in better condition dur- 
ing a severe, than during a mild winter, to say nothing of the loss of manure, and 
*iit ir.jury iq the land, when ihey are sulf-jred to go at Ur^e. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 

extensively as every friend of the real independence of our country must ardently 
wish, yet such sentiments have so far prevailed, that it is no exaggeration to say, 
that witUin the last six years, the number of sheep has at least increased four- 
fold. " The sheep ot the United States were pretty uniformly alike, and greatly 
resembled the youthdown sheep of England, both in their form and quality of 
fleece. The only exception to this was to be found in particular neighborhoods, 
into which, sometimes the long woolled sheep of England., sometimes the Bake- 
well sheep, and sometimes the sheep from Holland and the Texel, had been in- 
troduced. The crosses from these, distinguished many of our flocks from the o- 
rigitial stock, which has gained thereby somewhat in point of size, form, and 
quantity of wool, but lost in its quality-" The merino breed, and the crosses fron) 
it, which have stamped a new value upon our flocks, now begin to make a great 
fiafure in American agriculture. Since their introduction, farmers are much more 
attentive to housing and feeding their sheep, than they formerly were ; and the 
consequence is, an evident anielioration in the stock. They are found to be 
far niore healthy here, than in Europe. There is, indeed, every reason tL> 
believe that they improve in our climate, and that from better keeping, and grener 
care in the perpetuation of the species, the merinos of the United States will 
in a few years be much finer than those of Spain. ) 

'i he cattle of this stite are principally an assimilation of various kinds, and it 
is impossible to discriminate any prevailing breed. They are in general large, and 
are observed very much to resemble those of northern France. Ihe four western 
counties of Massachusetts have long been celebrated for an excellent breed. It 
was formerly the opinion of practical and philosophical farmers, whose opportuni- 
ties enabled them to form a correct decision, that no part of the United States 
furnished oxen in such perfection. It is probable that tlie breed of cattle has 
been ameliorated since the period of those observations ; and at present, it is evi- 
dently on the advance.* The cattle in other parts ef Massachusetts are rather 
ordinary : and their improved state in the western division, seems to have beea 
more the result of accident, than of any great exertions to etfcct it, by a judicious 
intermixture, by preserving the best for breed, and by other means of ameliora- 
tion. It ought to be observed, however, that cattle are now almost univereally 
houced in winter ; but in the early settlement of the northern colonies, though 
they were ted during that season, they were seldom housed, and were therefore 
diminished by cold winds and storms. 

The horses seem to have originated in three distinct races, though they are at 
present very much blended. These are the Narragansets, which probably came 
from England, and have almost become extinct ; the English race horse, a few of 
which are still raised for the turf; and the Norm<(n horse, rarely existing here in 
puiity, bur the same that is extensively diffused through the middle states, and 
j)referred for heavy teams, to any other breed. The result of this intermixture 
lias of late years been varied to a small extent, by the introduction of the Arabian 
and Canadian horse : from the former, however, the English race horse originally 

* The Berkshire Agricultural Society, formed on a plan hitherto novel in this 
state, will undoubtedly, aside from other valuable objects, be productive of great 
and permanent advantages, in improving the breeds of some of our domestic ani- 
mals, particularly those of cattle and sheep ; and in widely diflusing important ag- 
ricultural kno.vledge. The annual exhibition of prime anmials, and the award- 
ing of piemiums, under the diiection ef this association, cannot fail to awaken a 
veiy commendable and useful competition among an exteosive class of our farmers. 



12 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

(descended. Our horses are mostly of an inferior kind. Little attention has been 
paid to them, and it is believed t!)at they have rather declined within fifteen or 
twenty years. When one carts liis eye upon the saddle horses of Virginia, or up- 
on the draft horses of Pennsylvania, he must be strongly impressed with the great 
improvement, of which our comparatively diminutive breed of horses is suscepti- 
ble. Though horses are gradually advancing into greater use, oxen ate principally 
employed in the husbandry of Massachusetts : a preference founded on the fact^ 
that when arrived to the proper age, tliey can be fattened for market ; and the 
practice of relying on them for the draft, may have rendered our farmers inatteor 
tive to the amelioration of the last description of horses. 

The swine fed in this state, are of a superior kind, and are not exceeded in 
size or quality, by any in our country. 

The highlands afford abundant pasturage for cows ; and butter and cheese ia 
those parts, are extensively made for market. These articles, however, are al- 
most every where sufficient for domestic consumption. The county of Berkshire 
furnishes rhe most extensive dairies of any section of the state ; and the town of 
Cheshire, jn particular, sustains the first rank in this department of husbandry. 

'The state abounds with orchards- Most of the old cultivated farms have an 
orchard of from one to three hundred apple trees. As the trees are planted reg- 
ularly, and at a proper distance, the orchards are occasionally cultivated, but are 
generally laid down to grass. Vast quantities of cider are annually made, which 
is the common beverage of the inhabitants, as wine is in France, or beer in Eng- 
land ; but its manufacuture is, in general, very indiff.rently managed. The prin- 
cipal cultivated fruits are apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plumbs, and cherries. 
The public mind, for a number of years past, has been unusually directed to this 
species of culture ; and this disposition is observed to have been particularly 
manifested by the citizens of Middlesex. It is still a subject of regret, that too 
much inattention prevails in the planting of nurseries, and the selection of fruit 
trees ; in the various improvements of which they are susceptible by grafting and 
other means ; and in general, in omitting seasonably to rear young orchards, a$ 
a substitute for those that are ancler;t and passing away. 

Gardening, which was formerly very limited, as well as much neglected, has 
become an object of great and merited attention in all parts of Massachusetts. 
The gardens may be presumed nearly to equal the number of families in the state. 
The advantages derived fom tl.e culture of these little parcels of ground, are al- 
most inconceivable, and canoot be too highly appreciated. All the valuable hor- 
hortulane vegetables suited to the climar^, are in this way abundantly cultivated, 
A variety of domestic fruits, together with those of a minor description, that are 
\t?ild and culled from our soil, and several botanical phnts of native and foreign 
growth,* have a'so been introduced to some extent. Many of our gardens dis- 
play, indeed, an admirable degree of elegance and tsste, exhibiting an assemblage 
of all that is us-jful, blended wiih thcii luxurious decorations, as the gay par- 
terres of flowers ard sweets. 

The forests in their native state, usually afford ?. luxuriant growth of excellent 
timber. The productions are various, according to the different nature and situ- 



* An eminent botanist, in a communication to the writer, expresses a doubt 
whether an account of our indigenous plants can be obtained ; and evon suggests 
that •' a coriect catalogue of the plants of Massachusetts is yet a desideratum.'* 
A mere enumeration, therefore, of the unceuth terms, with which a subject re- 
^paining yet to be developed, is burdened, would be as little useful as pleasing, 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. IS 

ation of the soil. Those of the highlands, and elevated valleys in the hilly and 
mountainous country, consist principally of tiie various descriptions of oak, wal- 
nut, pine, maple, birch, beech, cherry, poplar, cedar, and ash ; together with but- 
ternut, chesnut, and basswood. The plains are chieily covered with pines, but 
a few otlier trees are thinly seattered over them. The natural growth of the in- 
tervals is mostly limited to elm, willow, maple, button wood, butternut, aspen, and 
cherry. From the very great variety in the intermixture of the productions of 
our forests and cultivated country, it is scarcely necessary to notice the extrcrrc 
uncertainty of all observations of so general a nature. 

Air and Climate.* 

Climate is literally identified with the degree of latitude; but in the extent to 
which it has been illustrated by many excellent writers, it comprehends the tem- 
perature of the air, and vicissitudes of the weather, during the seasons and shorter 
periods of time ; the quantity of rain and snow ; the winds ; and a variety of other 
interesting paiticulars; forming, collectively, an extensive branch of knowledge : 
and is a subject of great importance, viewed in its complicated operation on the 
animal and vegetable world, and on the physical and moral condition of niankind. 

*' Although the extremes of heat are found near the equator, and the extremes 
of cold near the poles,"f yet many circumstances incident to different countries, 
conspire to produce a diversity of climate, that cannot possibly arise from differ- 
ence of latiude. Among these, may be named their respective superficial struc- 
ture, embracing the elevated and mountainous, or low and level aspect, with the 
general direction of the mountains and secondary hills, the open or uncultivated 
state, and the proportion of terrene or aqueous surface ; the vicinity of the ocean, 
or of other extensive collections of water ; and the description and influence of 
the prevailing winds. Particular places, also, are sometimes rendered, by local 
causes, considerably variant from the general temperature. 

In mountainous countries, the climate during the warm season is more temper- 
ate, and in winter more severe, than in those that are level, or that present inter- 
mediate diversities of surface. The same is true of the mountainous divisions of 
a single country, compared with the plain sections ; and there is even a consider- 
able difference in these respects, between the mountains and valleys in very small 

* The authorities principally consulted and quoted on the subject of climate, are 
Jefferson, Williams, Belknap, Rash, Williamson, Volncy, and iiigland. No credit 
is given in a few instances, uhere single sentences have been greatly altered ; and 
the liberty has been sometimes taken, of making small verbal alterations in those, 
parts which are published as extracts. 

f " The light of the sun is confessedly the general cause of heat in our atmos- 
phere. A Clear, transparent, unclouded atmosphere, is not heated by ihc direct 
rays of the sun ; for lit^ht passes through it witiioiit obsiiuction; and there is 
reason to believe that resistance is necessary to the excitation of heat. The 
rays of the sun striking the surface of the earth, by which they are resisted, 
cause the surface to be heated, and the atmosphere is heated by the surface, 
licncc it follows that the atmosphere can nevei be warmer than the surface of 
the earth, nor is it ever so warm, at a distance from the earth, as near its surface. 
Cold is a negative quality. It implies nothing else than the v/ant of a certain de- 
gree of heat. There is not any body in nature without some heu. Ice itself 
contains a greater or less degree. The ice of waier contains more heal than the 
jce of bianay, and that contains more than the ice of mercury.'* 



U VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

<}istricts.* These facts are founded upon the genera! principle, that on a line ex? 
lending perpendicularly from the surface of the earth, the temperature of the at- 
mosphere, which, from the warmth communicated to it by the earth, is there 
csually highest, gradually tends towards the term or degree of congelation. 
In low latitudes, however, this is limited to the night, for there is a little thaw 
during the day. As this region of frost, though of different elevation jn almost 
every latitude, + generally corresponds with the surface of the earth, upon the sup- 
position it were a perfect globe, the greatest elevations of its real surface must be 
nearest the freezing point, and proportionally the coldest, or most tempernte. The 
summits of high mountains, even ac the equator, are covered with snow ; and in 
all latitudes, where snow prevails, it is deepest in the most elevated parts of a 
country. 

Uncultivated regions are uniformly attended by a greater degree of cold, and 
less intensity of heat, than those that are open : and these variations in the tem- 
perature of the air, will be found to pervade woody and open districts of less ex- 
tent, down to small single groves and fields, and to exist in a corresponding gra- 
dation, through every stage, from the wildness of nature to the most general state 
of cultivation. The action of the sun on the face of an immense forest, is much 
less powerful in the production of heat, than upon a widely cultivated country ; 
for where its rays pass through the openings of the forest, they meet a compara- 
tively watery or snowy surface, which never receives so much heat as one that is 
diy, nor retains it so long. The trees and shrubs, at all times, and especially dur- 
ing their greatest foliage, present a moister and cooler surface, than the most ver- 
dant cleared tracts. The temperature of the atmosphere, and that of the earth, 
cinder such a deep and far spread shade, are not only lower, than in extensive 
cultivated spaces, but even more so, than under those limited shades, that are cast 
by buildings, clusters, or solitary trees, in open lands. Lvaporation contributes, 
in a great degree, to cool the earth. In large forests, it is much more extensive 
than in open countries, on account of the greater quantity of stagnant waters upon 
the surface, and the more highly saturated state of vegetables/(: It also returns 



* " At Bennington, in the latter part of winter, when the weather is so warm 
as to melt the snow and uncover the ground, and spring is ushering in, the moun- 
tain is generally fast bound in fiust ; the air is keen, and the traveller who departs 
from that village to the east, comfortably clad, finds it necessary to put on &idi- 
tional clothing to avoid the frost. This weather frequently continues on the 
mountain, till vegetation is considerably advanced at Bennington. At this place, 
peach trees are sometimes in full blossom, when the mountain is covei ed with snow 
several feet in depth, and every thing on it congealed, as in the midst of winter : 
and this di^i^trence of temperature exists in the small distance of six miles." 

+ " This height M. Bouguer calls the lower term of congelation. Between 
the tropics, he places it at the elevation of 15,577 feet : and at about 450 feet 
above, the temperature of the atniosphtre between the same circles, is constantly 
below the freezmg point of water. The temperature of the earth in the vicinity 
of Paris being 47 degrees, M. Charles, who ascended in an air balloon, found 
that of the atmosphere, at the estimated height of it, 084 feet, to be 11 degrees 
l^elow congelation. At a certain elevation above the lower term, it never freezes, 
not through the decrease of cold, but because the vapors never ascend so high. 
This height, M. Bouguer fixes under the equator at 18,000 feet, and calls it the 
up))er term of congelation " 

J It has been ascertained by experiments, that forest land emits one third more 
vapor than an equally extensive surface of water. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. IS 

to the earth in more abundant rains, which, in their course of evaporation, con- 
tinue to reduce its temperature " Though the earth is variously heated by the sun, 
according to the quahty or position of the surface, yet this cooling process affects 
every countiy more or less. The heat would be intoleiable in low latitudes, if 
the process did not exist tljere, to a great degree. A perpetual verdure and thick 
foliage, within the tropical regions, tend greatly to moderate the hear, by copious 
evaporations. In sandy deserts, dry fields and ro^ds, where tlie verdure is deli« 
cient, the heat becomes intense- Stones and sand, cool and heat more readily, 
and to a grcattr degree, than mould or clay : from this cause proceed, in a great 
measure, the excessive heats in the sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa, which 
frequently rise to 140 degrees of Fahrenheii's thermometer ; and the intense cold 
of stony countries in high latitudes. Under the latter parallels, where the 
country is not mountainous, by exposing a smooth surface, without n',uch timber, 
to the influence of the sun, the inhabitants may enjoy a temperate climate." Cul- 
tivation dries the surface of the eartii, and thereby increases the tempcramre of 
the atmosphere, diminishes the quantity and duration of rain or snow, and thus 
the means of futuie evaporation- 
Countries situated in the vicinity of the ocean, or containing large bodies of 
water, are generally warmer in winter, and cooler in summer, than those that are 
remote from the sea, or constituted almost entirely of land. " A watery surface 
can never be made very warm by tli^s sun ; for evaporation is the neceffary effect 
of heat, and the loss of heat the necessary consequence of evaporation, part of the 
heat being carried off by the vapor." As water is not susceptible of as mush 
heat or cold as land, it must, wherever its influence extends, comparatively re- 
duce the extremes in the general as well as particular temperature of the climate. 
The severity of cold climates, and the intense heat of low latitudes, are greatly al- 
layed by the sea. I'^lands, partaking more extensively of the temperature of the 
sea, than continents in similar latitudes, have consequently a milder climate : and 
the interior of both will generally exhibic greater lieat or cold, in proportion to 
the distance from the coast. 

The climate of different countries is also mpterially affected by the prevalence 
of dit^erent winds, which are various in their effects, and in some degree controled 
by the particular direction and continuity of chains of mountains and hilis. " It 
is easy to perceive a correspondence between the vicissitudes of temperature and 
certain charges in tlie wind. The course of a general wind is often inflected, 
from 30 to 80 degrees, by the deep channel of a tiver, a mountainous ridge, a 
lake, or forest " 

The air of Massachusetts is generally dry, serene, and healthy. Our geo- 
gniphical position, and diversified, as well as extensively cultivated surface, equally 
removed from the extremes of moisture and dryness, indicate a powerful physical 
claim to salubrity of atmosphere. Tlie climate, in connection with that of ihc 
United btares. has some distinguishing characteristics. " It seems as if it were 
a compound vt aii other climates in tiie world. We have the damps and glojms 
of Britain in the spring, the heat of Africa in summer, the mild temperature of 
I'aly in June, the cold and snow of Norwav, and the ice of Holland, in the win- 
ter, somewhat of the storms of the West Indies at every season, and the capri- 
cious winds and fluctuating weather of Great Britain throughout the year." 

In Massachusetts, winter commences about the middle of Decen)ber, and ter- 
minates about the same time in March. During that period, the earth is generally 
covered with snow, -.vhich on the mountains is sometimes four feet in depth ; and 
sleighs and sleds are in almost universal use. Cattle are usually housed from the 
tirst of December to the middle of April. The thermometer is generally in vntv* 



16 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

ter between 33 and 10 degrees, often descends as low as 5 and I, and sometimes 
even to 20 degrees below zero.* In the eastern section of the state, however, 
the winters are milder, the snows less abundant and more transient than in other 
parts { but they are rarely any where so deep as to impede travelling. 

" The heats are commonly intense from their commencement at the summed 
solstice. For forty or fifty days together, the mercury is frequently observed to 
exceed 77 degrees, and sometimes rises 10 86 and 90. Few years pass at 
Salem without its rising to 99 and 100 degrees. 

*' The daily variations are greater and more abrupt in the ritaritime co>untryi 
than in Europe. The great changes, incident to the atmosphere of the coast> 
display themselves not only in the compass of one season, but in that of a single 
month, week, and even day. In winter, especially in January and February, the 
temperature often varies 14, 18, and even 28 degrees, in the course of eighteen 
hours. Similar vicissitudes take place in summer, and the intense heats of the 
day are usually succeeded by cool and pleasant nights.+ When at mid day, the 
mercury hns risen to 86, and even to 90 degrees, it has sometimes fallen on the 
ensuing night to 6^ and 60." Though the weather is more variable on the sea 
coast, than in the interior, yet it is subject to frequent and sudden fluctuations in 
all parts of the state. 

In the severity of winter, and the warmth of summer, the climate of our mari- 
time region surpasses the countries of Europe situated in the same latitudes. 
These facts are thus exemplified. 



Latitude. 


Lowest Temperature. 


Highest. 


V 


ariatlon. 


«* Salem, 42° 34' 


I z below 


I02| 




I Hi 


Rome, 41 S3 


3^ 


86 . 




54 


Marseilles, 43 17 


23 


881 




^sl. 


Padua, 45 22 


9f 


971 




871" 



This table exhibits a difference of temperature In Salem, during the year, of 
nearly 1 15 degrees of Fahrenheit, while it is only 54 degrees at Rome, about 65 
at Marseilles and 88 at Padua. Our medial temperature in the cold season, is 
estimated at about 28 degrees below, and in the summer months, at 8 degrees 
above, that of European countries under similar parallels. :j: The principal cause 
of the greater cold of our winters, is, that our prevailing winds pass over an im- 
mense and highly diversified region of forest, covered to a great extent with snow 
or ice ; vvfhile those that prevail extensively in Europe, proceed from the Atlan- 
tic ocean. 

The same difference of climate has been supposed to exist between the western 
and eastern continents : but we are not to conclude from observations made in 
the Atlantic states, that the winter's cold in America is either universally, or in 



* Ice that floated down Deerfield river, during a flood in February 1807, was 
observed to be two feet nine inches in thickness. At about the same time, the frost 
in tliat village, measured three feet in level open land. It Is said not to exceed 
that depth, even at Petersburg in Russia, in the latitude of 59'' S^\ 

+ Fires are rarely seen in Massachusetts, except for culinary purposes, between 
the last of May and the fust of October ; but v/ith the exception of the interven- 
ing months, there are very few days or evenings in the year when fire would not 
be agreeable. 

J A good method of determining the general or medial temperature of a coun- 
try, is suggested by Mr. Williams, who proposes to take it from th« temperature 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 17 

an equal proportion, greater than tlist which prev.iils on the other continent in 
like circunist^inces. H,.istv conclusions have been drawn from such observations, 
without considering the clinate <\'i other great divisions of America ; the changes 
that cultivation has produced in the climates of the old continent, or those wiiich 
the same cause has already produced in some parts of America. These subjects 
can only be very briefly noticed. 

On the continent cf .^sii, in latitudes corresponding with Massachu-etts, the 
climate is diff^erent from thit of Europe. The rigor of winter greatly e::ceeds 
that of ours, and the sum n.;r is more temperate. The Chinese rivers freeze in 
the latitude of Rome, which is attributed to the influence of westerly winds froai 
the immense wilderness of Partary : nor is it probable that Pekin, which is situ- 
ated several degrees belo>v the latitude of Boston, will ever be relieved from the 
chilling cflFecrs of nortii westerly winds, by the cultivation of the v?.s: forests 
spreading in that direction. 

On the western side of the American continent, near the Pacific Ocean, the 
situation of which is the reverse of the Atlantic coast, the scene is again changed 
and the climate is in a great degree milder than ours. The wirt.rs are short 
and temper;Ue ; the snows light and fleeting. At Nootka Sound, in lati- 
tude 49^^, vegetation is very forward in April ; and spring commences about thir- 
ty days earlier than in M issachusetts. The cause of tins comparatively moder- 
ate climate, is the prevalence of westc'ly winds from the Pacific Ocean. 

The climate on the waters of the Mississippi and Ohio, notwithstanding the 
inconsiderably advanced state of cultivation, is wasnier by three degrees of lati- 
tude, than that of similar parallels on the borders of the Atiar.tic. ** It is re- 
markable," says Mr Jefferson, " that proceeding in the same parallel of latitude 
westwardly, the climate becomes colder in like manner as when you proceed di- 
rectly north. This increase of cold continues till you reach the top of the Al- 
legheny, which is the highest land betweeh the ocean and the Mississippi. 
Thence, descending in the same parallel to the river, the change is reversed, and 
if we credit travellers, it becomes warmer than it is, in the same latitude, on the 
sea coast. Their testimony is strengthened by the vegetables and animals 
known to subsist and multiply there naturally, which does not happen on the 

of the earth, as found in deep wel's or caverns. ( i) In pursuance of this plan, 
he ascertained the temperature of wells at llutland, in Vermont, at the depth of 
forty live feet, to be- - - . -44. degrees. 

In different places In Massachusetts, •* • 49 

At Philadelphia, - - - - 53 

In Virglni.', according to Jefferson, - - "57 

At Charleston, according to Ramsay, " " ^3 

** We here observe a gradation corresponding with the distance from the pole, 
which proves that heat is proportioned to the action of the sun's rays on the sur- 
face of the earth." 

( I ) " It has been found by various observations, that the same degree of heat 
en:;>t3 in all S'jbterraneous situations at the same depths, or at least that tkc vari- 
ations are extremely small. This subterraneous heat is scarcely ever less than 36 
degrees ; but mines in which nature is probably carrying on come chemical pro- 
cess, alford an exception. The temperature ef the cave of the observatory of 
Paris, which is ninety feet deep, is 534 degrees, and in very cold years, it varies 
about iialf a degree. In general, at the depth cf about ninety feet, the tempera- 
ture of the euth varies very little ; and thcr'ifore the warmth of springs is nearly 
;he same in all se^socis." 
C 



18 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

coast. Thus, catalpas grow spontaneously on the Mississippi, as far as the lati- 
tude of 37°, and reeds as far as 38° ; paroquets winter on the Scioto, in the lati- 
tude of 39°*. In 1779, the thermometer was at 90 degrees at IMontirello, 
when it was no at Kaskaskias." A similar diversity of climate between the 
maritime and interior regions, extends northerly beyond our latitude, and is ap- 
plicable to Massachusetts, compared with the interior and western parts of the 
state of New York. In the latter, the superior mildness of temperature is evin- 
ced by the comparative lightness and short continuance of the snows, and more 
limited dominion of frosts ; and by much less variation between the extremes of 
the general heat and cold of the atmosphere. The winter in Gcnessee is said to 
correspond with that of Philadelphia, three degrees south. At Niagara, an el- 
evated situation, " the seasons are so mild, that severe cold does not prevail 
more than two months." The lakes are supposed to temper the cliri)ate in 
those parts. ** They do not generally freeze during the winter ; hence it fol- 
lows, that the water in those lakes, being temperate, would moderate the severity 
of cold winds, rather than increase it. Winds from the ocean, or from any 
great body of water, that does not contain islands of ice, are seldom very cold : 
and it is found that the north west winds, between the great lakes and the moun- 
tains, are not so cold as they are between those mountains and the Atlantic o- 
cean, in the same degree of latitude." Such comparative views, exhibiting a va- 
riety of climate in different parts of North America, in the same latitudes, might 
be greatly extended. 

The climate of Terra del Fuego, the southern extremity of South America, 
has been represented as extremely cold during the winter, compared with coun- 
tries situated under corresponding parallels, in the northern parts of the eastern 
continent : but Mr. Williamson, in his late essay on climate, alleges that this o- 
pinion is not well founded ; and almost demonstrates that the reverse is the fact. 
In the Falkland islands, off the eastern coast of that country, the winter's cold 
is not greater than is experienced at London, which is nearly in the same lati- 
tude. The winters of Chili, in South America, are also more temperate than in 
northern Spain. 

Gre.1t changes of climate have always attended the cultivation of the earth. His- 
tory furnishes abundant proofs that they have taken place on the eastern conti- 
nent- The progress has uniformly been from a colder to a milder climate. We 
may refer to the period, when the winters in European and /Asiatic countries, 
were as intensely cold, if not more so, than they are present, in any parts of the 
western continent, in similar latitudes. " The inhabitants of those regions must 
be indebted to cultivation alone, for the present state of their temperature. As 
the number of the human race increases, this globe, by a fortunate change of cli- 
mate, affords them a more comfortable residence." 

America, since its settlement from Eufope, has been passir.g through the 
snme revolutions of temperature. " The weather and seasons, in this part of the 
United States, were at first uniform and regular : the winter began about the end 
of November, and continued till about the middle of February. Daring this pe- 

* " Trees and herbs are found on the western side of the mour.tain?, three de- 
grees further north than the same produces are found spontaneously growing on 
the eastern side Thus, cotton, which flourishes at Cincinnati and Vincennes, 
in latitude 39°, cannot be raised, in Carolina, further north than 35* or 36°. It 
is ;l:e same with the catalpas, sassafras, papaw, pakan or Illinois nut, and many 
other plants." It is supposed that paroquets do not winter on the sea coast, 
BOfth of 36'=, ia North Carolina. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 19 

nod, a cold, dry, and clear atmosphere prevailed, with scarcely any interruption. 
Winter closed with February, and spring came suddenly upon us, without those 
fluctuations from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which we experience at 
present. Summer was extremely warm while it continued, but it was generally 
limited to sir weeks. Autumn and September began together, and the h-ir- 
vest was stored before the end of that month. The scene has greatly chanoed 
since that time, in the cultivated part of the country : the seasons are different, 
the weather is more variable, the winter shorter, and interrupted by great and 
sudden thaws.* Spring is a scene of continual vicissitude, and these changes of 
temperature are extremely injurious to vegetation. Summer is not so warm, but 
it is longer. Autumn is slowest in its commencement and termination, and 
the harvest is scarcely finished before the second week in November : nor does 
winter become settled before the end of December." Similar alterations have 
also been noticed in the climate of Pennsylania, Virginia, and other sections of 
the United States. 

This change may unquestionably be ascribed to cultivation. Wherever wood- 
lands are opened, '" the air and the earth experience great changes in their tem- 
perature, in the course of tu'o or ihree years. The settler has scarcely removed 
a few acres of forest, before the ground, exposed to the sun's rays, acquires for a 
foot deep, a temperature lo or 12 degrees higher than the ground still covered 
with trees. This estimate is formed from some experiments expressly made for 
the purpose. Two thermometers, sunk a foot deep into the earth, one in aa 
open field, and the other in the adjoining forest, even before the leaves were out, 
gave the following results. 

" Date of observationt Heat in the field. In the forest. Difference. 



May 


i3» 
28, 


June 


J 5. 


July 


27» 

16, 


Aug. 


30. 
»J». 


Sept. 
Oct. 


3i» 
i5» 


Nov. 


»5. 
I. 




16, 



52" - 


. 460 - 


60 


51 


48 


9 


64 . 


51 


13 


6i 


51 


1 1 


62 


51 


II 


6s 


55 


10 


6S 


. 58 . 


10 


59\ 


55 


4t 


S9i - 


55 


4i 


S9i 


55 


4I 


49 


49 





43^ 


43^ 





43i - 


- 43i 






** From these observations it appears, that in winter, the earth, whether open 
or shaded, has the same temperature, but in summer there is a difference greater, 
as the temperature of the air is higher." It is found that the earth thaws to a 

* " That our winters are milder than when the country was first settled, is a 
fact that is well established ; and this is undoubtedly owing to opening and cul- 
tivating the lands, by which means the air of the ocean and that of warmer re- 
gions penetrates further inland and to the north : but it is believed that we fre- 
quently have as cold days now, as formeily ; and that the north west winds will 
for a long time continue to produce very cold weather ; for they traverse a vast 
extent of uncultivated country, which, in the winter, and indeed for the greatest 
part of the year, is covered with frost and snow." 



?0 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

creater depth in open places, than in the woods. The snow, in those parts wherts 
It " vanishes frcm the open grounds in April, the meridian bun, unobstructed, be- 
ing then sufficiently powerful to melt it, continues still under trees, though leaf-, 
less, the bianches and trunks affording some shade : and this corroberates the 
representations, as to tlie duration and severity of ancient winters, and their 
deeper srows." 

•' The accession of lo degrees of heit to the open ground, must sensibly afr 
feet theatmofphere ; and it may be added, that the ait thus heated must rise 
upward, and make room for a side wind from the woods, which being heated 
and raised in its turn, must diffuse a warm air far beyond the precinccs of the 
^eld. 

** Clearing the ground augments the evaporation, and thus dries the surface, 
as is daily observable in all parts of the United St.ites, where brooks and springs 
are continually drying up, and swimps changing into dry ground " Hence a 
greater quantity uf heat is reflected ; the lemp-rature of the general atmosphere 
is increased ; and the north west winds are checked in their progress. 

" Cultivation evidently diminishes the quantity and the duration of the snows. 
Within a century, sn^w covered the eastern stat s for three months together, 
from the beginning of December to the first of Mirch. It does still in the un- 
cleared grounds, while in cultivated parts, it is neither so deep nor so permanent. 
It is generally admitted, that in Massachusetts, the quantity of snow that fell 
during the winter, fifty years ago, was more than double of what has fallen in any 
"winter, for several years past." 

The winds have undergone a great revolution. The western winds have de- 
clined, while the eastern have become more prevalent. The iatter have consid- 
erably advanced towards the interior of the country, within memory. Fifty 
years since, they did not extend more than forty miles from the sea. In spring, 
they now reach twenty miles further, and even penetrate as far as the foot of our 
inland mountains, a distance of seventy or eighty miles from the ocean. As 
tliese winds have hitherto extended* exactly in proportion as the Lmd is divested 
of v/ood, they will ptobably continue to proceed still further westvyard, with the 
progress of cultivation. " The face of cultivated lands in the summei season, is 
frequently warmer than the surface of the ocean, in the same latitude : hence it 
is, that easterly winds are observed to increase.'* Ships from Europe, favored 
by then), make their passage row, in one third less time, than they did fifty years 
ago. •■■ They will probably become our prevailing winds dating the summer, 
in the Atlantic states ; a circumstance that must increase the moisture of our at- 
mosphere, and will be very accepttible to the husbandman. f 

" This extensive change of clim-ite must, therefore, be ascribed to two causes. 
First, to the clearing of the ground, and thus producing a mass of warm air, 
which is constantly increasing. Sccoridly, to the access of warm winds through 

* " in every contest betv/een cold and warm air, the former, being heaviest, 
always prevails." 

f " It is 3 remarkable circumstance, that though we have near twice as much 
rain in the United States of America, as falls at a medium, in most parts of Eu- 
rope, we suffer occasionally by drought. Our westerly winds are exceedingly 
dry ; but these winds prevail in summer, and in a short time carry off the mois- 
ture, so that frequent showers are necessary to the production of good crops. 
When ersterly winds shall prevail, there will be much less occasion for rain, be- 
c.ause the moist atmosphere, from the surface of the ocean, will not speedily dry 
che soil." 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 21 

these openings, by which the country is diied more rapidly, and the atmosphere 
more heated." 

From observations made by gentlemen of science in different parts of the U- 
nited States, it appears that "our annual and mean quantity of rain greatly ex- 
ceeds that of most countries in Europe.'' This difference is exhibited in the 
subsequent table. 

" At Charleston, according to Ramsay, in 1795, 
The medium at that place, between 1750 and 1 760, according 
to Mr. Chalmers, .... 

At Williamsburg, according to Jefferson, . - - 

Cambridge, Mass. according to Williams, 
Andover, . - . - 

Salem, . ^ - - ■ 

V\ arwick,* . - . - 

Rutland, Vt. .-.--- 
Philadelphia, according to Rush, . , .. 

In Europe, the known quantities are these : 

At Petersburg, . . - - 

Upsal, . - . - 

Abo, .-..-- 
London, . . , - 

Paris, . r - - - • 

Utrecht, . . - - 

Marseilles, - ^ - - • 

Rome, - - . - - . 

Naples, . - - - 

Padua, ------ 

Bologna, - . - - 

Vienna, - - - - - 

The preceding table shows that the annua! quantity of rain in Europe, is less 
by nearly one half, than in the United States : " yet twenty cities of Europe 
have been enumerated, where at a mean, for twenty years, there had been annual- 
ly 122 days of rain, while there had been only 88 at Cambridge, and 95 at Sa- 
lem." The conclusion is therefore irresistible, that shov/ers of rain must fall in 
greater abundance at the latter, than at the former towns ; " and all the facts ob- 
served corroborate this infeience f 

" The winds of the United States range, in general, over an extensive surface, 



Inches. 


71 


4-5 


41 


34 


47 




47 


1-2 


51 




35 




50 




41 




30 




12 


4-5 


15 




25 


2-5 


22 


2-5 


21 


2-5 


28 


4-5 


21 


i-S 


30 


2-5 


37 


1-5 


35 


1-5 


25 


3-5 


44 


35" 



* .'\t Warwick, in the winter cf 1806-7, the quantity of snow was about 80 
inches : and at Deerlield, from November to March, inclusive, 62 inches, a 
great proportion of which, at the latter place, fell in March ; where the months 
of November, December, and January, wtre dry, and the snow niuch below the 
usual quantity. 

f '• The atmospheric diiferences between Europe zed North America, are 
chiefly or solely owmg to their geographical differences. We may thus explain 
why ihe annual quantity of rain is greater in America than in France, Lngland, 
or Germany ; why the falls of rain are generally more abrupt and sudden, and 
the subseq.ient evaporation more copious and r«pid ; why the reigr.ing winds are 
.TiOre violent, and ths tempests more frequsiic." 



2« VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

and the same blast is much more amply difFiised, than in Europe. This is more 
particularly true of the three principal winds, the north west, north east, and south 
west. These powers appear to have shared the dominion of the air among them. 
Dividing the year into thirty six parts, we may affirm, that these three engross 
thirty or thirty two parts, the north west and south west having each twelve of 
them,* while the east and north east have six or eight. The rest of the year is 
distributed among the south east, south, and west ; the north can hardly be ad- 
mitted to any share. 

" The inconstancy of the winds, and the consequent changes of weather, are 
frequent topics of complaint. The wind is rarely at the same point for thirty 
hours at a time, or the mercury stationary for ten hours. The change of the 
wind is incessant, not merely a few points, but from one point to its opposite ; 
from north west to south and south east, from south and south east to north west ; 
and these variations are of more importance, and attract attention the more, be- 
cause the vicissitudes of temperature ai e equally sudden and great." Such transi- 
tions have sometimes a pernicious influence upon health, and are viewed as the 
most unfavorable characteristic of the climate. A great proportion of the dis- 
eases which exist in the United States, may still be attributed to absurd and 
Ticious modes of living ; and the dress and diet of Europe are here assiduously 
copied, the former particularly by the females, where from the nature of the cli- 
mate, it is far more injurious. The great calamity of the country, however, and 
the source of many of the maladies which ravage it, is the abuse of spiritous liq- 
uors. If the influence of destructive habits were subtracted from the causes of 
disease, the climate would scarcely be deserving of notice. 

* The north west winds are far the most prevalent in Massachusetts. 



VIEW or MASSACHUSETTS. 



Extract from Meteorological Observations made at Boston, Deerfield, and 
Warwick, during the year 1807, excepting the month of December. 





Mean 


Mean 


Mean 




1 










degrees 


Jegree? 


degree 


Greatest heat 


Least heat in 


Prevail- 




it sun 


It two, 


of the 


in the month. 


the 


month. 


ing winds 




rise. 


P.M. 


month 












JANUARY. 












Boston, 


"9 


'-9 


24 


5th day, 


5c 


23d, 4 below c 


V. w. 


Deertield, 


13 '-3 


-9 I 3 


21 1-3 


29, 


45 


26, 


1 below 


Variable. 


Warwick, 


12 I 3 


-'4 3 4 


18 1-2 


5» 


47 


26, 


15 below 


N. w. 


FEBRUARY. 


















Boston, 


2t 


;' 3-4 


26 1-2 


12, 14, 15, 


44 


8, 


9, 1 below 


N. W. 


Deerfield, 


17 1-2 


<i 1.3 


24 I 2 


'3. 


5c 


9' 


14 below c 


N. W. 


Warwick, 


14 


27 1-2 


20 3-4 


12, 


44 


8. 


10 below 


N. W. 


MARCH. 


















Boston, 


21 


38 1-3 


32 1.4 


i7» 


46 


16, 


14 


N. W. 


Deerfield, 


20 


?9 


29 1-3 


22, 


47 


7. 


16, 4 


N.&N.W. 


Warwick, 


20 1.4 


SI 1-2 


28 1-2 


'7» 


47 


3. 


6, 6 


N. W. 


APRIL. 


















Boston, 


40 


,'6 


48 


20, 


78 


2, 


24 


N. W. 


Deerfield, 


36 2-3 


?5 1-2 


46 


28, 


70 


•3» 


14 


N. W. 


Warwick, 


35 '2 


)3 


44 


28, 


72 


I, 


2, 21 


N. W. 


MAY. 


















Deerfield, 


48 1-3 


63 1-3 


56 


30» 


80 


iij 


32 


N.&N.W. 


JUNE 


















Deerfield, 


56 1-2 


74 1-4 


65 13 


9» 


92 


I, 


2, 48 


S. 


Warwick, 


54 


72 3 4 


60 1.8 


9» 


93 


12, 


42 


N. W. 


JULY. 


















Warwick, 


^)i I 4 


79 1-3 


70 1-4 


12, 


92 


2, 


5e 


s.&s. w. 


AUGUST. 


















Boston, 


6^ 1-2 


^4 2-3 


69 1-6 


!0, 


88 


24. 


52 


s. w. 


Deerfield, 


62 2 3 


79 1-2 


75 2-3 


15' '7» 3i> 


88 


24, 


53 


s. 


Warwick, 


60 1 1 


So 


70 


2, 18, 31, 


86 


24, 


40 


s. w. 


SEPTEMBER 


















Boston, 


"3 


6S 


60 1-2 


7» 


8c 


<6, 


44 


Variable. 


Dee.field, 


•3 13 


-0 


(^i 2-3 


7. 


7H 


'5. 


18, 44 


s. 


Warw ck. 


17 1-3 


68 


57 3-4 


'3» 


Si 


27» 


37 


N. w. 


OCTOBER. 


















Boston, 


f6 


53 I.: 


53 1-2 


•4. 


76 


28, 


29, 30 




Deeilie'd, 


1 -^ 


5« 


)0 


!I, 12, 


75 


23' 


29 


N, v/. 


NOVEMBER. 


















Bos'on, 


35 


43 '-2 


39 1-4 


-7. 


60 


15. 


17, 18, 23 


M. W, 


Deerfield, 


^0 I-- 


40 1-2 


IS I--' 


2, 


56 


'5. 


'5 


W. 



S4 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Mountains. 

Massachusetts exhibits sections of several elevated and extensive chains of 
mountains. 

The chain of the Green mountains, which divides the state of Vermont, passes 
from north to south through the western part of this state, on the eastern borders 
of the county of Berkshire, and is denominated Hoosack mountain. This is a 
wide, regular, and lofty range, the njost elevated points of which may be esti- 
mated at 3500 feet above the surface of the ocean.* It proceeds southerly 
through the state of Connecticut, and terminates in a precipice called West Rock, 
near the sea coast, and in the vicinity of the city of New Haven. This moun- 
tain, from the quality of the soil, and its gently undulating summits, presents iff 
Massachusetts, a picture of extensive cultivation. 

A more western chain, forming in its commencement the boundary between 
Vermont and New York, after a limited course, reaches the north .vestern corner 
of this state, where it is separated from the Hoosack by an extensive valley, pur- 
sues a southerly course almost parallel with it, and nearly on the line between the 
states of Massachusetts and New York. It is less cultivated than the former, 
and in general of inferior height, though some parts of it rise to 3000 feet above 
the ocean. The most elevated summit is denominated Takonnack, and situated 
in the south western part of Massachusetts. This chain touches the angle of 
Connecticut, a subordinate branch extending into the counties of Litchfield and 
Fairfield in that state, passes into the state of New York, in a south westerly di- 
rection, crosses the Hudson at West Point, forming, for some distance on botlv 
sides of that river, numerous bluffs denominated the Highlands ; and in its suc- 
ceeding course, communicates with the immense ridge of the Allegheny. 

The intervening country is rugged with hills ; and in the northern extremity' 
of the valley between those chains of mountains, is a detached elevation, called 
Saddle mountain, which is viewed as the highest point of land in the state, and 
estimated at about 4000 feet above the level of the sea. Near the summit of this 
mountain, on the western side, an extensive fountain, several years since, found a 
passage, and sweeping away the superficial strata from thence to its base, formed 
a channel several rods in breadth, and extending in depth to the rock, which is 
now dry, and distinctly visible at a distance, almost deluged several farms in the 
southern psrt of Williamstcwn, covered them to a considerable extent, with the 
contents of the chasm, and e>;cited for a short time, the utmost consternation. 

The country between Hoosack mountain and the valley of Connecticut river, 
and paiticularly, those districts v;hich spread easterly from the central and north.* 
crn parts of that range, are intersected by many secondary mountains and hig!^ 
hills, irregularly scattered over their surface. 

About thirty miles to the east of the Hoosack range, a chain of mountains, mostly 
covered with forests, and !-js3 elevated than either of the former, pervades the state 
in the sanie dirt.ctton. This may be reguded as a continuation of that distinguished 
ridge in the s ate of N'cv/ Hanips'iirc, denominated the Height of Land, of which 
the White mountains there coiibtitute t'le northern part, and the grand Monadoock 



* This estimate i^ derived fro.m a general comparison with the elevation of 
Saddle mountain, which fioai various parts of the highlands east of Connecticut 
liver, is distinctly obs.;rveJ W rise above the summits of the Hoosack The 
leight of our mountains has never been precisely ascertaift€d by barometrical, of 
tthsr ol>s:;ivatiuns. Q 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2^ 

0112 oF the nrincipal southern elevations. In its soiitlicrly course through the 
counties of Frankliu, Hnrnpsliire, and Hampden, in Massachusetts, it commences 
at a considerable distance from Connecticdt r!v.-;r, on the eastern side, and after 
pa-sin^ that river a httlc below the village of Northam;)tv>n, and proceeding 
throujji the state, traverses the state cf Connecticut in a siniilar direction, where 
the Blue Hills of Southington form some cf i;s heights, and tcrminaies in a bluff" 
called East llock, near the southern extremity of the Hoosack chain. 

'i'he principal detached mouritalns of tliat chain in Matsachusetts, are Mount 
Toby in Sunderland, Mount Holyoke in the r.cutliern part of Hadleyand vicinity 
of Northampton, and Mount Tom in Easthampton. The hii;hest ])oint<5 of the 
two latter are rugged and precipitous 5 and the western sid^i of Mount Tom in 
particular, presents one of the most remarkable precipices in the state. One of 
the principal summits of Mount Holyoke is csdmaled at about 1200 feet above 
the level of Connecticut river w!;ich washes its base. A road has been opened to 
facilitate the ascent to this deli^htful spot; and to aid the view on all sides, the 
trees and shrubbery have been removed. This summit has become a place of 
fashionable resort, and commands the most fcxtensive, VanSj^ated, and interesting 
prospects. 

Another cki?in of mountains of modente elevation, which originates near the 
mouth of Connecticut river, on the eastern side, takes a nurthetly course at the 
distance of ten or fifteen miles froni it, and after re.iching Massachusetts, and pro- 
ceeding to a considerable extent, is lost in the last described chain, a few miles 
before it passes that river. 

The two preceding chains, in conjunction with the high and wide spreading 
hills, which range along east of the great valley or break in the mountains betweea 
the summits of Holyoke and Toby, form generally the eastern limits of the ex- 
tensive vale of the Connecticut : and that division of the state extending easterly 
from those, as far as the lower parts of the county of Worcester, is roughened by 
some mount'ifins, and pleasantly diversified by numerous ranges of hills. The 
most distinguished singL- mountain in that county is Wachuset, in the town of 
Princeton, the summit of wliich is estimated at about 3000 feet above the sea. 

Rivers. 

The rivers constitute an Important feature in die general aspect of Massachu.* 
setts. 

Connecticut river has been justly styled the Nile of the eastern section of the 
United States. It has two original branches, both of which rise in the northern 
part of the state of New Hampshire. The head of the north western branch is a- 
bout twenty five miles beyond the latitude of 45 degrees north, and thus far it has 
been surveyed. This branch originates irorn a chain of mountains v/hich proceeds 
noith eastedy to the gulph of St. Lawrence. Betvv'een its source and 45 degrees 
of latitude, it is the boundary between that state and the province of Lower Can- 
ada, and in that distance is joined by the north eastern branch. This river ex- 
tends about 250 miles on the western borders of New Himpshire ; and its west- 
ern shore, for 220 miles, forms the boundary between that state and Vermont. 
Its general course nearly to tlie southern limits of those slates, is considerably to 
the west of sou. h. From thence it tlov/s through Massachusetts in a southerly, 
but very circuitous course of about 60 miles, intersecting the counties of Frank- 
lin, Hampshire, and Hampden, and exhibiting on its banks an e:ctensive and lux- 
uriant interval country ; and continuing in the same direction through the 
ceoual pait of the state of Conni£€ticuc, as far as the city of Middletown, bear^ 
D 



\ 
26 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

south easterly, and falls into Long Island sound at Saybrook, after a coarse lO 
that state of about 75, and a total progress of nearly 400 miles 

Thv breadth of this river when it first washes the state of Vermont, is about 
CO yards ; and in the course of sixty miles, it increases to about 130 yards. 
In Massachusetts and Connecticut, the brendth may be estimated fro.n 150 to 
350 yards. The depth of the channel of the river below the head of boat navi- 
gation, may be generally stated to vary from 5 to 12 feet. 

Connecticut river Is navigable for vessels of almost every description, to the 
city of Hartford, about 50 miles frem the sea ; and for large fldt bottomed boats 
of 20 tons' burden, as far as Barnet in Vermont, i']0 miles from its mouth, and 
about 13 miles above the outlet of Wells river. 

The Connecticut presents numerous rapids. There are falls in this river at 
Montague and South Hadley in Massachusetts, around which navigation is open- 
ed by canals. On its entrance into the state of Connecticut are Enfield falls; 
and to the north of Massachusetts are Bellows' falls,* a few miles above the vil- 
lage of Walpole in New Hampshire, around which a conimunlc^tion is opened by 
a canal en the western bank of the river ; the falls of Quechy, just beluw the 
mouth of the river Waterquechy from the west ; the While River falls, a little 
below the village of Hanover ; and the Fifteen Mile fails, the foot of which is 
Bear the head of boat navigation ; together with several rapids above the latter. 

Bars of gravel and sand extend across this river in various places, over which 
boats with difficulty pass in low water. Upon one of the gravel bars situated be- 
tween the towns of Deerfield and Montague in Massachusetts, it is even fordable 
during that period. 

Besides numerous tributary streams of less note, the Connecticut receives in 
Massachusetts, Deerfield and Agawam rivers from the west, and Chickopee 
and Miller's rivers from the east ; in Connecticut, Windsor river from the west, 
which discharges itself at the village of that name, and the river Scantic from 
the east ; from Vermont, West, Saxon "s, Williams, Black, Wateiquechy, White, 
Ompompanosack, Wait's, Weils, Pasumsick, and Nulhegan nvers ; snd from 
]Mew Hampshire, upper and lov/er Aniraonosack, Israel's, John's, Mascomy, 
Sugar, Cold, and Ashvv'elct rivers. 

No less than twenty two bridges are thrown over Connecticut river between 
its source and mouth, six of which are in Massachusetts, and situated at North- 
field, Montague, Sunderland, Hatfield, Northampton, and Springfield. There 
are fourteen bridaes v/hich connect the villages of New H-impshire and Ver- 
mont ; one at Enfield, and another at Hartford, in Connecticut. 

The intervals are generally sjuead upon one or both sides of this river, nearly 
on a level with its banks, and extending fmm half a mile toGve miles in breadth ; 
but its borders art' in some places high, rocky, and precipitous. With resnect to 
iis length, utility, and bcsuty, this is beyond all comparison, the finest river in the 
eastern states, and forms, indeed, a distinguishing feature of the country. In the 
spring it overflows its banks, and throu;;h an cutent of 300 miles, forms and ler- 
tilizes a vast tract cf rich meadow. VVhile it advscces the fertility, and serves 
to transport the produce, it is aKvays adding hcouty and grandeur to tht prospect, 
by its majestic movement through an extensive country, vai legated with pleas- 
ant ard happy villages. v 

Merrimack river, the second io magnitude and importance in Massachusetts, 

* During the floods these exhibit a trerusndous scene ; and the falls of Mont- 
ague and South Hadley, at the same periods, though Itss distinguished, may be 
ranked among the sublime views of natmre. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 

rises in the state of New Hampshire from the lofty western chain of mountains, 
where it is litnouinated the Pemigewasset, and after receiving the VVinnipiseo- 
ge river, which originates f'om a lake of ihe jame name, and is regarded as a 
principal branch, assumes the appellation of the Merrimack. This river pursues 
a very meandering route. Its general course, from the source of its original 
branch to the southein hne of New Hampshire, is soutiicrly loo miles. After 
passing into Massachusetts, it proceeds north easterly about 40 miles, and falls 
into die Atlantic ocean, a Jittle below Newburyport, opening a communicatioR 
with tlie no ih eastern part of this state. 

The Merrimack is navigable for vessels as far as Haverhill, nearly 2» 
miles from ihe sei, where it is obstructed by rapids ; and h already, or will be 
shortly navigable for boats, as far as Salisbury in New Hampshire, about 100 
niiies from its mouth. In its course through that state are tlie falls of Hookset 
and Amuskeag, and in Massachusetts those of Patucket. Around the two latter 
canals have been opened. A canal about eight miles in length, extends from 
this river through Salisbury in this state, into Southampton in New Hampshire. 
The Mfdvilesex canal, also, opens a communication between the Merrimack and 
Boston harbor. 

The tributary streams of the Merrimack arc Bumerous ; and of these, Concord 
and Nashui rivers are the most important. 

Concord river, of rather superior size to the Nasha:i, originates in the south- 
ern extremity i:f Middlesex, pursues a course a few degrees east of north, ofa- 
bout 40 miles, and fails into the Merrimack in the same county ; receiving in 
the town of Concord a considerable branch from the south west, that rises in the 
eastern section of the county of Worcester. 

The Nashua is a considerable river rising in the latter county. Its course, 
which is similar to that of Concord river, and of about an equal length, is most- 
ly in Massachusetts ; where ic receives a stream of some magnitude from the 
•west, denominated the Squanicook. lu a skort distance after passing into New 
Hampsire, it joins the Merrimack. 

The Shawshcen is another tributary native stream deserving of notice. Beav- 
er, Spicket, and Powow rivers rise in New Hampshire, and after a limited course, 
unite with the Merrimack river ia this state. It receives in New Hamnshire, 
in addition ;.o these tiiat are less considerable, Baker's, Blackwater, Contocook, 
Piscataqu)g, and Souhegan rivers from the west j and Bowcook, Suncoek, and 
Cohas rivers irom the east. 

A nuaiber of elegant and extensive bridges, some of which are of a novel and 
mu<h improved construction, have been erected over the Merrimack. Twenty five 
ships, fifteen brigs, and three schooners were built on this river in the year 1810, 
and three vessels were 00 the stocks nearly ready to be launched ; amounting to 
upWrirds of 1 2.000 tons. 

Ipswich river has its source in the county of Middlesex, proceeds to the noith 
east, intersecting the county of Essex, and falls into the sea below the village of 
Ipswich, to which it is navigable, after a course of about 25 miles. 

Charles river is a stream of considerable magnitude. It rises principally in the 
southern part of Middlesex, and pursuing a remarkably serpentine, but general- 
ly a north eastern course of about 50 miles, flows into Bosttm harbor. This 
river is very wide r.ear its mouth ; and is navigable for boats as far as \7atertown, 
about 8 miles from ihe sea. it presents iome picturesque falls } and it is worthy 
of notice that a small stream, resembling a canal, issues trom it and joins the Ne- 
ponsit. Three of the most exten»Ivc bridges in the United States, though not 
particularly distinguished by their architecture, are throv/n over Charlys river, 
connecting the metropolis with Cambridg'i and Chaiiostown. 



2* VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

Mystick river enters Boston harbor a liitle rorth of the entrance of the river 
Charles, and has but a limited course and navigation. 

The river Neponsit rites in the southern part of Norfolk county, pursues a 
north eastern course of about 20 miles, and falls into M^s^achuseas bay a few 
miles south of Boston. It is navigable for vessels to Milton about 4 miles. 

North river, in the county of Plymouth, takes a north eastern route of up- 
wards of 20 miles, and flows into the same bay. Vessels are built upon this riv- 
er, near its source. 

Taunton river, a considerably extensive stream, rises from several sources near 
the head waters of Noith river, enters Biiscol ccunty, and proceeding south wes- 
terly about 40 miles, and receiving several streams of some magnitude, falls into 
Narraganset bay. 

Chickopee river originates from several ponds on the western borders of the 
county of Worcester, and passes into Hampden county. It runs in general 
Vresterly, receives Ware river, an extensive branch from the north east, and dis- 
charges itself into the Connecticut, four miles above the village of Springfield, after 
a course of about 35 miles. Ware river, a little above its confluence, is joined by 
Swift river, a considerable northern stream. 

The /^gawam, or Westfield river, is formed by the confluence of four principal 
streams, denominated branches of the latter, and originating among the Hoosack 
mountains. From the source of the northern branch, which is the most exten- 
sive, to the entrance of the Agawani into the Connecticut in West Springfield, a 
little below the village of Springfield on the opposite side, the course, which is 
soHth easterly, may be estimated at about 50 miles. An excellent tract of coun- 
try is spread upon the banks of this river, for several miles from its mouth. 

'ihe sources of Dee; field river are towards the southern part of Vermont, in 
the vicinity cf the Green moimtains. The principal stream rises in the town of 
Stratton, and pursues a southern course in that state of about 30 niiles, receiving 
a considerable branch in Vviimington from the cast, and another in Readsbor- 
pugh from the vest In Massachusetts, it intersects the western division of Frank- 
lin county ; and its general direction is south cast, until it arrives within a few 
miles of us mouth, when it hears north easterly, passes betv/een the villages of 
Gieenfieid and Deerfield, exhibiting on its borders extensive meadows, whose 
exuberant fertility has become proverbial, and flows into the Connecticut in the 
latter town, nearly opposite the foot of the Montague canal, after a progress in 
tiiis state of about 43 miles. Near its mouth, this is a wide, deep, and tranquil 
stream. An excellent bridge is thrown over it about a mile from the Connecti- 
cut, to vvhich it is navigable tor boats. Its principal tributary streams are North 
river, which unites with it in Shelburne, Grctn river in Deerfield, and South 
river in Conway ; the tV/O former en the norih, and the latter on the south. 

Miller's river rises from the northern part of Worcester county, and from the 
state of New Hampshire, snd divides the eastern section of Franklin. It pur- 
sues a westerly eourse of about 35 miles, but near its mouth winds towards 
the north, aiid fails into Connecticut river in the northern part of Montague, a 
few rods above the head of the canal. 

Particular sections of tire four last described rivers exhibit an unrufRed surface, 
bur their chanr.e!s amcng she hiJs and mouncair:s, are generally rugged with 
rocks ; a remark, which with some limitation is true of most of the streams in 
the state. 

The head waters of the Housatonick or Stratford river, are on the western 
rnountains, and in the valley of Berkshire. It pursues a winding southerly couric 
of about 45 miles, travtrs;n^ about tv/o thirds of the extent; of that cpuniy. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 

and presenting on its banks, beautiful, fertile, and well cultivated intervals. It 
pursues a sin-il^r course of about 80 milt's, through the state of Connecticut, 
and falls into Long Island sound, a little below tlie villajje of Stratford. I'iie 
navigation of the Housatonick for vessels, extends only 12 luiies. In the 
northern part of Connecticut, this river exhibits an intertsring and perfectly regu- 
lar cataract, 75 yards in breadth, and 50 feet in |>erpendicular he'ght. 

Besides many other small tributary streams of the rivers which have been no- 
ticed, and the other nusneious, but less iinportant streams a;id inlets, which ccni« 
municnte with the sea, may be enumerated a branch of the Hoosack river, a trib- 
utary stream of the Hudson, which rises in the western part of this state, receives 
a stream called Green river, and passes into Vermont ; Parker river in il-.e cou.-,ty 
of Essex, which flows into Plum Island sound ; the head waters of P-i. 'uckct 
and Providence rivers in Rhode Island, and p:-irticularly, Blackstone's liver, 
which rises under various names in the central part of the county of Worcester, 
takes a south easterly course of about 25 miles, and on its entiance into thrit state, 
becomes idencitied with the Pawtucket ; the sources of Quinabogue and Sheracket 
rivers in Connecticut j and the various, but inconiideiable streams, that fall intQ 
Buzzard's bay. 

Canals. 

The Middlesex canal may be regarded as one of the most important efforts 
to advance internal navigation, that has been made in the United States. This 
valuable work, which was completed in the year 1804, is about 25 miles in length, 
and extends from Boston harbor, in a considerably direct, north v/esterly route 
to the river Merrimack, in the town of Chelmsford ; and besides presenting great 
advantages to the intervening country, oper;s an extensive communication between 
our metropolis and a large and fertile division of the state of New Hampshire, 
extending even to its centre, which is spread upon that river and its waters. 
Concord river, which is the reservoir ofihe canal, is 21 feet higher than the' 
Merrimack where the canal unites v/Ith it, a distance of about six miles ; and 
107 feet above the waters of Boston harbor at full tide. The ascent from the 
Merrimack to the level of the canal, is surmounted by three locks, constructed of 
freestone, laid in mortar, and represented as of suj^etior workmanship. That 
next the river is 90 feet in length, and 12 in breadth. To prevent the under- 
mining of the works, a channel is opened below the bed of the river, and fii'ed 
with a great quantity of stones, on which is founded a double floor of tin;bcr cov- 
ered with plank, and forming the base of the walls, which are 18 feet high, and 
about 7 feet thick. The second lock is 16, and the third 14 feet in heigiu, and 
both are of the same length and construction as the fust. From the ilnrd lock 
the caral j*roceeds to Concord river, wliich it crosses on its surface, passes the 
Shawsheen and several o:her streams on aqueduct bridats, that over the former 
being more than 20 f(.et ubove its surface, and preserves the same level for eieveti 
miles, lo two places in this course, were ledges, and the opening of the chan- 
nel w^as there very iaborious and expensive. With these exceptions, it was not 
lound necessary to dig the canal any where more than zo feet deep. At the end 
of eleven miles, there is a lock of 7 feet descent, and another a mile and a half 
below. Thence to Woburn the land is favorable to the design, and there is no 
lock in that distance : but to preserve the level of the can^lj banks 12 feet in 
height have been in some places raised at considerable expense. It proceeds 
through that town, passes over Mystick river in Medford, where it has a sufn- 
«ient tievation above she tide to admit cf an r.quieduct bridge, crosses the isth- 
mus at Ciiailcstown, and enters the esiuiry of Charles river oetwcen that village 



5© VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

and Cambridge. Near the foot of the canal there are three locks. The locks 
between C:)ncord river and the sea, are cor.sirucced of wood, and each contains 
ICO tons of timber, strongly built, planked on the inside, and supported without 
by stoii€ walls. The whole course of the canal is in the co«nty of Middlesex. 

There are two canals in Massachusetts, of small extent, on the eastern bank. 
of Conneciicut river, which have much improved its navigation, and are of great 
importance in the transportation to marker of immense quantities of lumber and 
other produce, from a vast and productive northern country, as well as in facili- 
tating the return of forei;;n merchandize. 

The upper or Montague canal, in Franklin county, surmounts the rapids of 
that river, which commence just above the mouth of Miller's, and terminate 
with that of Deerfield river, a distance of about seveo miles. A little below the 
entrance of Miller's river, a dam is thrown across the Connecticut, which over- 
comes Miller's falls, a descent of about 8 feet. At this darn, on the left shore 
of the river, the first guard lock is situated, which is secured on the river side 
by a wall of stone, and is very extensive. Four miles below, another dam is 
built across the Connecticut, at a place formerly called the Great Bar. It is 
constructed of heavy timber, is 40 feet in its greatest height, and about 330 yards 
in length. 'J'his subdues the rapids above, as far as the other dam, and furnish- 
es the wr.ters of the canal below, for surmounting the Montague falls. Here is 
the head of the canal, and the second guird lock. This lock is also suppotted 
on the outward side by a wall of stone, pointed with lime, 32 feet in breadth at 
the base, 18 at the top, and 36 feet in height. It is sustained on the other side 
by a bold rocky margin. The canal extends for three miles through a light 
sandy plain. The ditch was originally 20, but is now about 25 feet in 
breadth ; and draws about 3 feet of water. There are eight locks below the 
the second guard lock, one of which is situated about half way down, and two 
nearly equidistant from that and the five lower locks, at the foot of the canal. 
Each of these locks is 75 feet long, 20 wide, and 12 deep, with walls of stone 
on the back side, 8 feet thick, which as well as the base, are timbered and plank- 
ed. Thsrwhole dtscent of the canal is 6^ feet, of which the five lower locks 
make 40 feet, and the remainder is about equally divided between the other three. 
This canil saves a land carriage of six miles. Il commenced its operation in 
i8g-. 

The lower or South Hadley canal, in the county of Hampshire, surmounts 
the rapids of the Connecticut, beuveen the mouth of a stream called Stony Brook, 
and the entrance of Chickopee river, a distance of about seven miles From the 
head of the cana', a dam from 8 to la feet in height, cons''.ructed of timber, ex- 
te.-;ds up the river about 50 rods, and at a httle distance from the shore. At the 
foot of this passage h the first guard lock, and about 40 rods below is another, 
occasionally used v/ien the waters bre<ik away above, and both of which are sup- 
ported by wails of s'-one. The canal is two miles in length, 20 feet in breadth, 
and draws about 3 Sect of water. It passes on the margin of the river through 
level feasible ground, until it approaches the foot, where it is forced for some 
distance ;hfough a bed of rocks, boroeud on the lower side by a precipice, and 
terminating in a considerable decHv.ty. This channel is in one place 40 feet 
deep. Here are tvvo locks sustaiiicd by natural walls, and just below them, the 
ean.il, supported on the water side by a wail of stone, after mceticg three otlier 
Jocks, passes cff to the river. Each of the five lower locks is about 20 feet in 
fcrcadth, and 75 in length, except the upper one, which is 150 feet. The 
xvhoic descent of die canal is 40 fcst. It saves a land carriage of six miles. It 
V/-.S ur;^i:i.:;:;y ccnr l.ted in 17^5, though or. a plan greatly differing hoM the 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. St 

About a mile below the canal are the Willemanset rapids, which are avoid- 
ed by the opening of a channel a mile in length on the western shore, se- 
cured by a dam of stone extending parallel with the bank, at the distance of a- 
bout 20 feet. 

Of the canals on the Merrimack, incidentally mentioned in the description of 
that river, it is impossible to suggest any particulars. Projects for canals in oth- 
er parts of the state, have been contemplated, but remain to be executed. 

Bays, Capes, and Ponds. 

The most extensive bays on the sea coast of this state, are Massachusetts bay, 
si':uared between Cape Cod on the south, and Cape Ann on ihe nerih, which to- 
gether with the south eastern extremity of Barnstable, called Sandy Point or 
Malabar, and some of the extreme points of the islands of Nantucket and Mar- 
tha's Virieyard. are the principal capes : Cape Cod bay, extending south of 
Massachusetts bay, and comniutiicating with it, of which Plymouth and Rarusu- 
ble bays are branches ; Buzzard's bay, which is situated south west of Cape Cod, 
and penetrates extensively inland from the south, separating the counties ot Piym- 
cuth and Bristol from Barnstable and the Elizabeth islands ; and the bay of 
Ipswich, situated north of Cape Ann ; to which might be added various other 
bays and capes of less importance. 

Massachusetts presents no lakes ; but there are numeroHS ponds in all parts of 
the state Some of the most cxttinsive are in the counties of Plymouth, Barn- 
stable, Middlesex, Worcester, Hanppden, and Berkshire ; none of which, how- 
ever, are more than three or four miles in extent. They are mostly formed by 
springs, and have usually outlets communicating wiih rivers or small streams. 

Islands. 

The principal islands in Massachusetts, are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, 
situate4 in the Atlantic ocean, south of the continent.* 

The island of Nantucket, which constitutes a county of the same name, with 
a ])opu!ation of 6,807, is about 15 miles in length, and 4 miles in its greatest 
breadth. " It lies absut eight leagues south of the peninsula of Caps Cod, and 
about seven east of the island of Martha's Vineyard. f Nantucket has been call- 
ed '* a sand bank," till its sterility has become proverbial, and no other idea of its 
naked plains is entertained iipoi. the neighboring coctinent, than that they form a 
place fwjishennin to dry the'ir nets : yet the shoals of Nantucket surround soine 
thour.i'.d acres of arable land, diversified with hill a^d dale, and productive, with 
little cultivation, of Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, and all the variety of succulent 
veoetiihies, which contribute 10 larcely to the support of man : nay so rich is 
Nantucket in medicinal heibs, that it has been declared, by an eminent physician, 
to produce native remedies for all the diseases of its inhabitants ; and a n>iitural- 
ist, who lately visited the island, in search oi nondescripis^ pronounced it in the 
raptures of discovery "a garden of plants." The whole island is held in com- 
mon, under shares of propriety, originally no more than twer>ty seven ; but these 
have been subdivided, by purchase, or inheritance, till many citizens have become 

* For the latitudes and longitudes of certain points of those islands, sec note 
under Principal Towns. 

t The cxtr;RCts are derived from a rec«nt description of Nantucket by Joseph 
Sansym, Esi^. of Philadelphia. 



52 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

proprietors. There is a fine road for ships on the north side of the island, ex- 
cept when the wind is at north west. The harbor of Nantucket is a fine natural 
bas.in, about a mile over, and 12 or 15 feet deep ; but a bar of sand stretches 
qiiite across the mouth of it, on which there is but 7 feet of water at ebb tide, 
wnich renders it necessary to unload large vessels by means of lighters. It is 
mostly filled with ice every season, and in the rigorous winter of 1780, the sur- 
face of the sea was frozen over as far as the eye could reach, and all communi- 
cation with the continenc was cut off during forty days. Such a circumstance 
had never occurred before, the winters being rarely severe. In summer they 
enjoy a happy temperature, the ihernsometer seldom rising above 8c° of Fahren- 
heit ; and the highest winds seldom preventing a daily intercourse with the neigh- 
boring continent. The town of Nantucket, which was originally called Sher- 
burne, but has lost its distinctive appellation, is pleasantly situated upon a gentlei 
slope, on the south west side of the harbor, surmounted by a row of windmills, 
and flanked to the right and left by extensive ropewalks. There is generally 15 
or 20 sail of square rigged vessels in port, with twice or three times that num- 
ber of coasters, presenting a lively scene as you enter from the sea." The whale 
fishery which gives a peculiar character to the inhabitants of this island, is their 
principal employment and dependence : and " they are reckoned the most expert 
whalers in the world. There were in iBci, about 1200 sailors, and 15,000 
tons of shipping employed at Nantucket ; and 15 or 20 spermaceti works are e- 
rected on the island, which manufacture great quantities of candles, and supply 
the numerous light houses of our coast, as well as the streets of our cities, with 
oil ; besides occasionally contributing to the unbounded consumption of the Lon- 
don irarket, and the frequent wants of Cadiz, Marseilles and the Levant." In- 
dustry, frugality, almost primeval simplicity, and a remarkably ardent attach- 
ment to tbeir native island, are among the distinguishing characteristics of the 
inhabitants of Nantucket. 

Martha's Vineyard is about 16 miles in length, and 8 miles in its greatest 
breadth. This, including Chappaqiiidick, the Elizabeth, and some smaller isl- 
ands, forms Duke's county, and contains 3,290 inhabitants. The climate of this 
island is mild and salubrious. The soil is generally light, but interspersed with 
some fertile tracts. The principal place is Edgartown. 

Plum Island, mostly an uncultivated waste, extends along the coast of Essex, 
from the entrance of the river Ipswich to that of the Merrimack, and is separated 
from the continent by a narrow sound. Castle island, a military fortress, com- 
manding the entrance of Boston harbcr, and situated about three miles east of the 
town, may be named among the numerous islands in Massachusetts bay. 

, Minerals, Fossils, and Mineral Waters. 

These subjects have been little explored, and a particular notice cannot be 
expected. 

Tlie principal mines are those of iron, which have been discovered in various 
parts of the s)ate ; and there are numerous esublishments for its manufacture. 
The counties of Piymouth and Bristol afford immense quantities of this mineral. 
There are several rich iron mines in the county of Berkshire The most pro- 
ductive arc situated in the towns of West Stockbridge, Pittsfield, and Lenox ; 
but iron ore is found in Lee, Lanesborough, and other towns in that county. It 
alio oiiccvers itself in almost innumerable places, by the color and taste ot the 
w?tcr, which is impregnated by it, and penetrates the surface of the earth. There 
is a lead mine in Southampton, in the county of Hampshire, which is said to 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 8f 

Contain a rich vtin of that ore. It is wrought by a company in Boston, but 
with what success cannot be stated. Tlierc are indicruioris ot lead niincs in Lev- 
erett, in Franklin county, and the small specimer.s of ore that have been discov- 
ered, are rem^tkaS'y productive. 

Ocltre? and other ftssil produciions have been found in various places : and 
the state abounds \7ith valuable quarries of stone. There is a lat ge and excellent 
qujrry of marhle in L.inesborough, in Berkshire county, which is extensively 
wrouj'ht inro monuments for the dead, and also applied to many other purposes, 
li is of unifcitm, as well as vnief;ated asptct, and receives a beautiful polish. 
M-uble cpia'ii^s of iiironsidcrable impoiiance, have been found in aheffi.'Id, Dal- 
ton. PittsiiJd- and cti-.cr places in the same cou.-.ty; and alfo in some parts of the 
cou^uy of Essex. The; e is a quarry of shite in Bernardston, in Franklin county, 
which is riinufactured to a considerable extent into loiiibstones. (Quarries of 
freestone jjfrvade all parts of Missachus;tts The most usvtu! and viluable 
qu;;rry, pro'^ablyj ir. the state, is situ ;ied ia Middleiield, in the county of Hamp- 
shire, 2 r Oiiies west of Connecticut river. It is manufacMired largely in Boston, 
by the MiddieBc'd Free btoric Corporation, into the v-.rious niateii ilsfor build- 
ing It is a soapsconc, and can be sawed with the s-ime e.i-e as a pine log ; but 
by exposure to the weather, it becomes in a short ti ne sufficiently hard, and is 
found to be durable. I'he same kind of stone, taken from the surf.ice of the 
ground, having hecn accidentally usea in the vicinity of this quarry, wss ascer- 
tained, at the tirrse of its discovery, to have already withstood fiie t"or upwards of 
twenty ye irs. The stone lies in very regular strata, about 5 f^U in depth ; and 
four strata have been discovered. The snnual aTjOunt cf the manufacture is 
twelve thousand dollars. In the county of Berkshire, there i'' almost every where 
an abundance of 'imestone, which is extensively manufactured into lime : and ia 
a high hill ii? Chesijire, are vast beds of white s.-ind, v/hich is used in Florida, in 
that county, and in Warwick, in the courty of Franklin, in tJie .nianufacture of 
glass; and is an excellent ingredient with lime, for the purposes oi buiiciin^r. 

Chalybeate springs are numerous in all parts of the state : but we have no 
medicinal waters that are c.-lebrated as places of extensive resort. ^\ miceral 
spring in Lynn, in the county of Essex, which is most frequented, is represented 
as a "delightful si'uation no Salem tUiF.pike, about ten raiies from Boston, in the 
vi'iinity of a beautiful pond aboundi.ig with fish." Spring'! in Boston, and ia 
Brighton, about five miles distant, have feceiiiiy be-:n brought into notice, and are 
said 'o bear some anaiogy to the ijalistcvn WiUers. Ochar mineral springs, which 
have excii'ed attention, might be enumerated. There is ?. spring in Williams- 
town, in Berkshire county, not known to possess .ary mineral qualitiss, v/liich is 
of such a mild -^nd uniform temperature, as to render it a place of local bathing 
resort, at all seasons of the year. 

Natural Curiosities. 

A. ledge of granitic rocks, nearly equidistant frc.i the village of Greenfield and 
D^erfieid river, in the county of Frar)klin, arid situated about fifteen rods east of 
the pu'jlic road, which passes from ncirth to south tipon the bank of Green river, 
exhiDi's numerous concavities, which may deservedly claim the attention of the 
naturalist. The ascent from the road is a hght sandy hill about thirty five feet 
in hKiohi, b.ick of which there is a little descent to the ledge, which is about six 
iter above the ground on each side, and iivii rods in breadth. North of these cu- 
riosities the idiid is considerably broken, and no ancient watercourse can b« 
traced : but a little bilow them, and bct.vccn the Ldge and aoother of about ao 



04- View of Massachusetts. 

equal height, commences what appears to have been the channel of a copsiderabfd 
stream. It is here about six rods wide, and presents low rocky banks ; but ir> 
the course of about fifty rods, its base greatly descends, the breadth diminishes, 
and the banks become more elevated, until it terminates in a narrow chasm be- 
tween higii and almost perpendicular precipices, the western breaking off into 
level ground towards the river, and the other continuing to the south. At the 
lower point of the former, it is probable that the stream originally descended in a 
considerable cataract, and that the channel above was subsequently formed. A 
small brook, only, in the most rainy season, now pisses in this channel. The 
concavities in these rocks, which are not less than fifty feet above the surface of 
Green river, are of various forms, and remarkable for their regularity- Most of 
them resemble hardware pots, and are almost as finished) ?.s if they came from the 
hand of an artist. Others are cylindrical 3nd conic.il, and a few are nearly glob- 
ular. They generally perforate the rocks perpendicularly. One, of a conical 
rigure, is 8 inches in breadth at the surface, and 20 inches in depth. Those 
•which are cylindrical, ate from 3 to 6 inches in breadih, and from 15 inches to 
2 feet in depth. Some of the spherical and larger kind are from 10 to 18 inches 
in breadth at the top, proportionally enlarging tov^fards the swell to 22 inches and 
2-£ feei, and from 2 to 5 feet in depth. One of these concavities, filled quite to 
the surface of the ground, was recently opened, and the lower contents, which 
were much more compact, than is usual in any native situation, consisted of all 
the variety, in form, color, and composition, of river stones and pebbles, some of 
which, at the bottom, were found incorporated with the rocks, and as the latter 
wear an uniform aspect, presented a striking contrast. The best explanation of 
the origin of these phenomena is conceived to be, that this channel was the an- 
cient bed of Green river ; that the elevated plain west of the river once extended 
to the eastern height near the concavities, and constituted a barrier higher than 
the ledge, north of which there was an ex;)ansion of the river covering the valley 
■above ; that the waters found a passage through this channel as the lowest point j 
and that by some extraordinary swell of the water, this barrier, being of a loostf 
texture, was broken through ; the present channel and narrow adjoining bisin at 
that place formed ; the lake above thereby drained ; and a dereliction of the an- 
cient bed effected ; which probably occurred, after the disappearance of the great- 
er lake that has been previously noticed. 

Besides Inconsiderable caverns in various places, there is a remarkable one iff 
the northern part of the town of Sunderland,in the same countjs about a mile east 
of Connecticut liver. From the level ground through which the public road pas- 
es, at the distance of a few rods, you ascend over broken rocks a considerable 
height, to a perpendicular rock of ihirty feet, at the foot of which is the opening 
of the cavern, which is at right angles with tiie rock. The route through it is 
a circuitous one of about ten rods, forming nearly a quarter of a circle, with the 
convex side on the right, and it terminates on the side of a precipice looking to- 
wards the north, perpendicularly with the face of it, and about ten feet from the 
summit. The base of the cavern is exceedingly irregular, being from lo to 70 
feet froni tiie top of the rock ; and its dimensions are various, being from 6 to 
50 feet in height, and from 3 to 20 feet in breadth. The central part is the 
most extensive, exhibiting, indeed, a spacious hall. 

Near this cavern, there is an eccentric elliptical fissure In the rock above, which 
is about 50 feet in depth, and in its length and greatest breadth, nearly of the 
same ex'ent with the cavern. 

About two miles south west of this cavern, on the opposite side of Connecti- 
cut river, are two remarkable, detached precipices, of a conical HguiQ, culled 6u- 
gar Loaves, which may be regarded as curiosities. 



VIEW OF MAvSSACHUSETTS. iH 

In the town of Adams, in the noithern part of Berkshire county, a small 
stre^im p:^sses over a bed of white marble, which forms the base of a deep, nar- 
row, <ind perpendicular channel, extending about thirty five rods through a hiil 
composed of that species of stone. This channel, in some places, is about 60 
feet in depth ; and over the deepest part there is a natural bridge. At the ter- 
mination of the chasm, the hill breaks off abruptly, and assumes a new level at 
the foot of a considerable precipice. This and other indications strengthen the 
presumption, that there was originally a fall at that place ; and that the present 
excavation has been mostly formed by the long and gradual operation of the wa- 
ters. 

Tiiere is a rock in Lanesborough, In the same county, that is vaguely estimat- 
ed by an intelligent informant, at 12 feet in height, and 15 in breadth ; the uo- 
per part of which, on ore side, projects so far, that several men on horseback mav 
sit under it, secure from an opposite storm : it is naturally situated on another 
rock, with a circular base only three feet in diameter. 

Massachusetts exhibits numerous objects cf general curiosity, which in coun. 
tries less diversilied, would be regarded as striking features of nature. The gen- 
eral asp:ct cf cur elevaied country is very interesting, and the prospects from iis 
numerous sumrr.its highly varied a.nd exteosive. Besides a few cataracts of a 
subordinate class we have many cascades and rapids of great beauty, whose rocky 
channels, in addition to a generally picturesque surrounding scenery, present, ia 
low water, inrumerable grotesque figures, formed by tlie violence of the currents 
at other periods ; and som.e of them exhibit even grand spectacles during the 
floods of the rivers. We cannot, hov/ever, boast of the romantic lake scents of 
New York ; we have nothing that can vie with the grandeur of the mountain 
scenery of iVew Hampbhire, Pennsylvania and Virginia ; nor do any of our streams 
rival the majestic torrents that have rent asunder the mountains of the latter state ; 
our river views of the more placid character, though in many places beautiful, 
are probably inferior to those of some other American streams : and the fancy 
cannot here dwell on that almost " boundless contiguity of shade," which forms 
so diitinguishing a characteristic of the vast western division of our country; 
where the sound of industry and the arts has been but recently heard on the 
Streams, that had murmured for ages, to the wild, and silent immensity of the 
forest. 

Principal Towns. 

Boston, the metropolis of Massachusetts, and the seat of the state government, 
is situated upon a peninsula of inconsiderable extent, at the western extremity of 
Massachusetts bay, in latitude 42° 23', longitude 71° 4^* It has an excellent 
and cipacious harbor, beautifully diversified with numerous small islands, and the 
wharves are very extensive and conmiodious. The entrance of the harb9r is 
narrow, and commanded by formidable military works. The town lies in an ir- 
regular form around the harbor, but it present* a very handsome prospect when 
approached from the sea. The site of it is variegated, and it exhibits some de- 
lightful elevations. Many of the streets are narrow and circuitous, but several 
of them wide and regular. The public walks are spacious and beautiful. A con- 
siderable part of Boston is elegantly built. The principal public edifices are the 
new state house, exchange building, theatre, Faoeuil hall, nev/ court house, alms 



* The latitude and longitude of the following places to Massachusetts, are takc« 



55 VIEW OF MASSACKUvSETTS. 

house, and numerous Jiouses of public worship The population of this town is 

33-250- . . . , 

Salem !5 the second town i'! Massachusetts ; and in propoiticp to its popula- 
tion, has long been distinguished for extiaorrlinary wealth. Ii is situated fifteen 
miies north erist of Boston, on a peninsula fiuined by two small inltts of the 
sea. This is a very flourishing ccmmtrcial'.;pldce, and contains 12,613 inhabit^ 
antF. 

Marblehead is a large town, fi.ur miles di:tant from S^iem ; and is ct-lebrated 
for the number of us citizens tngagedin il^.e Newfoundland fisheiies. The popu- 
lation is ^.900. 

Newburypf^it is Situated on the southern bank of the Merrimack, near its 
mouth. Th.e sits of the town is a bertUtifu; and gradual fscent fom the river ; 
and most of the streets are regular and hand-ome. The number of inhabitai.ts is 

Among the principal towns in Massachusetts, are Glf^ucestcr. Neubury, Bev- 
erly, Ijjswich, ^nd Lynn, in the county of Essex ; Ch,".r!'='<;t>'wn, Can;brid"e, and 
Concord, in Middlesex ; Roxbury, Dorchester, acd D^dham, in Norfolk ; 

from Bowditch's Navigation, and reliance may be placed upon their accoracy. 
The longitudes are reckoned from the mtridian of Greenwich. 

LiitiMide Longitude. 

Newburj'port Lights on Plumb Island, 

Ipswich entrance, 

Squam (Pigeon Hill) ... 

Sandy Cove or Bay, 

Caj-e Ann Light Houses on Thatcher's Island, 

EaJt Point of Cayt Ann h3rb<)r, 

Lighc House on Baker o island, 

EtTCrly, - » - 

Salem, - - . • 

Marblehead, .... 

Nahani Pcint (N. E. Point of Boston harbor) 

Bo:.ton L'ght House, 

Boston, . - _ . 

Cambridge, .... 

Plymoath Lights, 

Cape Cod Light House, - . , 

Sandy P.>ir,t or Mai -bar, 

Shoal of George's east end, 

Do of do. we-t end, 

Nantuck.t Light Koi.f.e, 

Sancotv ha^'- on Nantucket Llar.d, 

Tom Ncvors' he^d, 

Mantucket souvh .',hoa!, 

Cape Poge, Vinc;)Ard, ... 

Squibnucket hf.ad (south westerly part of ^'ar• 
tha's Vintyaid) 

Gay ilcid l-.ight House, Vineyard, 

IVoinpn's Land Islard, 

New Bedford, 

Buzz '.rd's Bay entrance, ... 

Decrfidd, according to Ployt, 



420 


4b' N. 


70- 


51'W, 


42 


43 


70 


49 


42 


42 


70 


41 


42 


41 


70 


38 


42 


40 


70 


34 


42 


37 


70 


39 


42 


3 + 


70 


47 


42 


34 


70 


52 


42 


33 


70 


52 


42 


3^ 


70 


50 


42 


28 


70 


54 


42 


20 


70 


54 


42 


23 


7' 


4 


42 


23 


71 


8 


4' 


59 


70 


37 


4- 


5 


70 


12 


^' 


34 


69 


59 


4' 


45 


68 


22 


4« 


35 


68 


54 


4i 


22 


70 





4' 


16 


69 


5« 


4' 


H 


69 


59 


40 


44 


69 


sc^ 


41 


25 


70 


25 


4' 


17 


70 


4f? 


41 


21 


70 


50 


4' 


'5 


70 


49 


41 


4' 


71 


2 


4' 


28 


70 


5S 


42 


3^i 


72 


4« 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. $7 

Brldgewnter and Plymouth, in the county of Plymouth ; Barnstable, In th? coun- 
ty of thar name ; Edgartown in Duke's ; Nantucket ; New Bedford and Taunton, 
in Bristol ; Worcester in the county of Worcester ; Norvlwinipton in Hampshire ; 
Springfield in Hampden ; Greenfield in Frankliri ; and ritisficld, in Berkshire. 

Government. 

The government of Massachusetts is republican. The executive power is ves- 
ted in a governor, lieutenant governor, and nine counsellors, who ?.re chosen an- 
nually. The principal legislative power is vested in a senate and house of rep- 
resentatives, who are annually elected. The members of those departments are 
elected by the people, except the counsellors, who are chosen by thejoint ballot 
of the senate and house of representatives.* The principal judicial powers are 

* fhe qualifications of voters in this state for different public ofKcers, a sub- 
ject of frequent inquiry and general interest, will be fwund in this note. 

Each state sii.iU appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, 
a number of electors, for the choice of piesident and vice president of the Unit- 
ed States, equil to the whole nuniber of senators and representatives, to which 
the state may be entitled in the congress. U. S Const, art. 2, sec. i. 

The senators in congress from each state shall be chosen by the legislature 
thereof. Ibid. art. i, sec 3. 

The electors in each state for representp.tives to corgress, shall have the quali- 
fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legisla- 
ture. Ibid. art. i, sec 2. 

Tho?e persons who shall be qualified to vote for senators and representatives, 
•within the sever?.! towns of this commonwealth, sh .l\, at a meeting to be called 
for th<it purpose, on the first Monday of April annually, give in their votes for a 
governor. Mass. Const, chap. 2, sec I, art. 3. 

The qualiticadons of the electors of lieutenant governor, shall be the same as 
are required in the election of a governor. Ibid, ch^ip. 2, sec. 2, ait. i. 

Every male inhabitant of twenty one years of age anil upwards, having a free- 
hold escate within the commonwealth, of the annual income of three pounds, or 
any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for 
the senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant : and to remove all 
doubts concerning the meaning of the word inhabitant, in this constitution, every 
person shall be considered as an inhabitant for the pu'prse of electing and bting 
elected into any ofiioe or place within this state, in th<it town, district, or planta- 
tion, where he dwe.lcth or hath his home. Ibid. ch^p. i, sec. 2, art. 2. 

Lvery male person, being twenty one years of are, and resident in any patticu- 
lar tcwn in this cummonwealth, for the space of one year next pieceding. hav- 
ing a fieehold es^yte within the same town of the annual inronie of thtee pounds, 
or any estate of t;ie value of sixty pounds, shall h.ive aiiglu to vote in the choice 
of a representative or representatives for the sud town, m the state legislature. 
Ibid chap, i, sec. 3, art. 4. 

livery male citizen of this commonwealth of tv/enty one years of age and up- 
wards, liable to be taxed, who has reside-J within any town, plantation, or dis- 
trict, one year next preceding his voting, shrill be entitled to vcte in such town, 
district, or plaf-itation, in the election of all town ofiicers : provided however, 
that no person shall be entitled to vote, who is supported as .1 p..uper, and every 
citizen as aforesaid, vvho lus lesided within a.y trwn, district or plantation, for 
one year as aforesaid, and during said term has bee.; t..;^^ loi his poll, or any 



S« VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

vested in a supreme judicial court, and in three circuit courts of common pleas. 
The judges hold their offices during good behaviour, provided that the governor, 
with consent ot the council, may remove thera upon the address of both houses 
of the legislature. 

Political Importance. 

This state sustained an illustrious rank among the American colonies, during 
their ever memorable struggle for independence. For a short period after the war, 
she also retained her merited political distinction. For many years past, howev- 
er, extensive emigrations to the western parts of the United States, have render- 
ed the population ot Massachusetts nearly stationary, and considerably reversed 
her relative consequence, by throwing a great weight into the scale of the former ; 
but above all, the unhappy public dissentions, which have so long distracted our 
country, paraiized the efforts of the state government on so many important oc- 
casions, divided our senators and representatives in congress, and prevented 
them from uniting in any one course of useful policy for the advancement of the 
same interests, have greatly impaired our just influence in the councils of the na- 
tion, and almost destroyed the political importance of Massachusetts as a mem- 
ber of the national union. As a single state, however, her physical strength, 
compared with t!'e population, has ever been unusually powerful : and with an 
union of sentin.ent and action, she would be, in the same proportion, politically, 
as well as on any great and patriotic occasion that should call forth her energies^ 
the most formidable of the American states. 

J!pUCATION. 

The citizens of Massachusetts have generally discovered a disposition to for- 
ward the v.ise intentions of the legislature, by carrying into effect the excellent 
legal proviiions, for the encouragement of poprtlar education.* It is presumed 

estate, in any tax voted to be raised by said town, district, or plantation, shall be 
entitled to vote in all other town affairs. Mass Stat June i8, t8l i, sec, i. 

Cjunty trea!^U'.ers are elected annually, and registers of deeds once in five years. 
The qualifrcations of voters for the choice of those officers, are the same that are 
requiied of voters for the election of representatives to the general court. Mass. 
Stat March 23, 1786, act 3, sec. i. Ibid. March 17, 1784, act4, sec. I. 

* By a statute of June 25, 1789, it is provided, that every town or district 
witliin this commonwealth, containing fifty families, or householders, shall be pro- 
vided with a shool master or school masters, of good morals, to teach children to 
read and write, and to instruct them in the English language, as well as in a- 
ri'hmetic, orthography, and decent behavior, for such term of time as shall be 
eq'jiva'ent to six months fur one school in each year : and every town or district 
containing one hundred families, 01 householders, shall be provided with such 
school master or school masters, for s\ich term of time as shall be equivalent to 
twcKx months for one school in each year : and every town or district containing 
one hundred and fifty families, or householders, L-.all be i)rovided with fuch 
fchool maRer or school masters, for such term of time as shall be equivalent to 
six months in each year ; and shall in addition thereto, be provided with a school 
ir.a ter or schoo! masters, as before described, to instruct children in the Endish 
language, for such term of time as shall be equivalent to tvvclve months for one 
school in each year : and every town or district containing two hundred families, 



View of MASSACHUSETt^. ^ 

that the means of valuable and practical knowledge, were never more fully enjc)y- 
ed by the great body of any people. Public instruction is regarded as one ot the 
first objects of our social compact ; in most other countries it is discoLiraged, as 
tending to endanger the existence of despotic power. Primary schools, in the 
advantages of which the children of all our citizens may equally participate, are 
spread in little districts over the face of the state : but the philanthropist will still 
regret, that the importance of a subject, so intimately blended with the preserva- 
tion of the invaluable institutions of our country, should not be more extensively 
and powerfully felt. 

Our ckizens are not inattentive to the more liberal advantages of their chil- 
dren. An unusual number of young men receive a public education. In addi- 
tion, therefore, to the establishment of general schools, compared with which all 
others are of minor importance, particular seminaries merit attention, as consid- 
erably extending the sphere of knowledge. 

Harvard university in Cambridge, is an ancient and celebrated institution ; and 
has given birth to many illustrious citizens. It has frequently received a very 
liberal patronage from individuals, and from the state government, and is endow- 
ed vvith extensive funds. It has various professorships, a complete library and 
apparatuSr and several s))acious edifices. The number of students is about 290; 
indicating the high estimation in which the university is held, by citizens of the 
state and union. The president and professors of the institution form, indeed, a 



or householders, shall be provided with a grammar school master, of good mor-- 
als, well instructed in the Latin, Greek, and English languages ; and shall in ad- 
dition thereto, be provided with a school master or school masters, as before de- 
scribed, to instruct children in the English language, for such term of time as 
shall be equivalent to twelve months for each of said schools in each year. 

If any town or district having the number of fifty families, or hotistholdet^, 
and less than one hundred, shall neglect the procuring and supporting a school 
master or school masters, to teach the English language as aforesaid, by the space 
of six months in one year, such deficient town or district shall incur the penalty 
often pounds, and a penalty proportionable for a less time than six months in 3 
year, upon conviction thereof ; and upon having the number of one hundred 
families, or householders, and upwards, shall neglect the procuring and support- 
ing such ichool master or school masters, as is by this statute required to be 
kept by SHch town for the space of one year, every such deficient town or district 
fhall incur the penalty of twenty pounds, and a proportionable sum for a less 
time than a year, upon conviction of such neglect : and every town or district 
h iving one hundred and fifty families, or householders, which shall neglect the 
procuring and supporting such school masters, and for such term of time as the 
schools '.'.foresaid are herein required to be kept by such town or district, in any 
one year, shall incur the penalty of thirty pound:?, and a proportionable sum for 
a less time, upon conviction of r.uch neglect : and every town or district having 
two hundred families, or householders, and upwards, that shall neglect the pro- 
curing and supporting such grammar school master as aforesaid, for the space of 
one year, shall incur the penalty of thirty pounds, and a proportionable sum for 
a less time than a year, upon conviction of such neglect. 

The several towns and districts in this commonwealth, are empowered by the 
same statute, in town meetings to be called for that purpose, to determine and de- 
fine; the hmiis of school districts, within their towns and districts respectively J 
and a law ot February 28, i8co, provides for tlie assessment and colUction of 
t;iies, for tUe support of schools ia such subdivisions. 



40 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

circle of science and letters. Some of those officers are particularly distinguish- 
ed for their learning, as well as for their liberal and comprehensive views uport 
suljects jf the most interesting nature : and the university has, witliin a few years, 
assumed a footing, comjiaratively grateful to the friends of an enlightened sys- 
tem of instruction. 

At VViliiamstown, in the north western part of the state, is a respectable in- 
stitution, called William's college. The president and instructors are gentle- 
Den of literature and science. The funds are considerable, and the buildings 
conveiiient. The number of students is about 120. 

:-^ bout thirty academies have been instituted in different parts of Massachu- 
setts, a number of which have large funds, and are in a flourishing state. Gram- 
mar schools, also, presenting superior advantages, are constantly supported in 
most of the principal towns. 

To the extensive sources of knowledge which have been noticed, may be ad- 
ded, the literary and scientific societies, some of which publish the communi- 
cations of their members and correspondents ; the various periodical oublications, 
that are circulated amorsg an extensive class of our citizens ; the numerous social 
and private libraries dispersed through the state ; the circulation of books among 
every description of the people ; and the public papers, which pass into almost 
every fati)ily, a»;d hov='ever visionary the idea may appear to many, unquestiona- 
bly coLtiibute, in a great degree, to the stock of general information. 

Science, Literature, and the Arts. 

The state of Massachusetts may boast of individuals of profound political fc-' 
se?ich ; and of many citizens distinguished in the learned professions. Gentle- 
men of genius, popular talents, and correct literary tasts, are found in every lit;"' 
tic circle. Science often beams upon the retirement of the cottage ; and the 
temple of civil policy is thronged by its numerous votaries. 

Massachusetts may claim the birth of Franklin, a main pillar in the edifice 
of national renown ; '* who combining the philosopher and statesman, exhibited 
a splendid series of successful labors in the closet and the cabii.et ;" whom, as 
the Earl of Chatham declared in the British parliament in 1775. "all Europe 
held in high estimation for his knowledge and wisdom, and ranked with her 
Boyies and her Newtons ; who was an honor not only to the English nation, but 
to human nature :" whose name will be dear to the wise and good, so long as the 
most exalted science and philanthropy shall be revered ; and •* will be as a star 
of the first magnitude in the firmament of heaven, wiien the niinory of his com- 
panions of the way, wiii be lost in the abyss of time and space." The produc- 
tions of the American /icademy of Arts and Sciences are eminently destrving of 
notice, and in those, t!ie labors of Bowdoin are enticlfed to the first distinction. 
In the mathematical and bstronomical walks, and particularly in nautical astrcno- 
my, Bjv/ditch is universally known to the scientific world ; and his exii; sive 
wcrk on Navigation, u'ould reflect an unrivalled lustre upon any age or country* 
Webber's Mathematics claims also a distinguished place in this class of fjubiiea- 
jions. " Among our zealous and successiul students in astronomy, Winthrop, 
Oliver,* Bowdoin, and Wilisrd, may be justly named, who if they h«ve not 
nj3de splendid di:>c*verics, nor great additions to astronomical science, have yet 
J ubliihtd useful observations, and contributed to promote lh4c degree cf taste for 
this branch of philosophy, which exists in our country. Thompson, known by 

* Mr. C liver is partl:uliriy knov/n by ua Essay on Comets, 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 41 

the title of Count Rumford, *• Is so much celebrated far his experiments, discov- 
eries, and nnprovemeius, in military, economical, and chorHical science, that it is 
unnecessary to dwell on his merits. Besides the new li^^ht he tiirew on gunne- 
ry, the friends of science and hu^Tianity are indebicvJ to him for improved meth- 
ods of constructing chimneys and stoves ; for important discoveries and improve- 
ments relative to cookery and aliment ; and for curious and highly interesting 
experiments on he it and other subjects. In short, it seems to be generally a- 
greed, that he stands in the first class, if not at the head, of all the practical, and 
particularly the economical philosophers, novvr living." Prince i? distinguished 
in the various branches of philosophy. " His improvement on Smeaton's air- 
pump is worthy of particular notice, and of rnuch praise. Good judj,es have 
pronounced it to be the most simple, convenient, and powerful of all the different 
kinds of this machine now in use " A recent extensive, and scientific aiilitary 
work by Hcityt, is calculated to elevate the views of officers from the id!e routine 
of the parade to the study of the art of war : and that gentleman, for his minute 
and laborioiis investiga'.ion of this vastly important subject, deserves well of his 
country, x'lmes wks one of those great spirits, that atdiciant intervals burst up- 
on the world, and although the fires of his resplendent genius may be thought by 
an extensive division of our fellow citizens, to have been often lighted in vain, 
yet " his eloquence was an er;!." in the American Congress, and his political 
works, as models of elegant and magnificent comui^sition, will never cease to ar- 
rest attention, while the human mind retains a solitary vestige of taste. Our 
Minister at St. Petersburg, who is pronounced by those best competent ta de- 
cide on his meii's, as incomparably our most accomplished scholar, has by his 
luminous Lectures on Rhetoricj given the state an illustrious rank in the depart- 
ment ef elegant literature. In that of history, Minot's Insurrection in Massa- 
chusetts is a most happy example of this extremely difficult species of composi- 
tion ; and in connection with his Continuation of our History, cannot fail to leave 
to the memory of the author, a lasting celebrity. " Sullivan's History of the 
District of Maine affords a cossiderable portion of interesting instruction to the 
student of American hisrovy " Williams, who published the hi-tory of Ver- 
mont, and Belknap, that of New Hampshire, may be proudly nsmcd as natives 
of Massachusetts, Ti ey have described the physical and social features of those 
states with a minute ar.d phlicsophical accuracy. Their works contain a body of 
valuable instruction ; and the publication of them formed memorable eras in the 
progress of national science. In geography, the name of Morse is familiar ; and 
his labors are liberally appreciated io the public patronage. Wh'te has present- 
ed the public with an elegant Digest of our Laws, unqucbtionabiy the most use- 
ful legal work, to the lawyer or citizen of Massachusett?, that has ever been pul>- 
lished. Story's volume on Pleadings is also a highly valuable acquisition. 
Thatcher's American New Dispensatory is recommended by the most distinguish- 
ed medical gendemen, as a work of great public utility. The Tour of Harris isito 
the state of Ohio, is a brilliant and interesting performance. Bancroft's Essay 
on the life of vVr.siiington is held in high cstimatioa. Belknap's extensive bio- 
graphical work " must be considered among the best specimens of that descrip- 
tion, which our country has produced." Among our clergymen, who have be- 
come celebrated by their pu'jiications on reiigicus subject"-, may be named the 
venerable Dr. Lathrop of V\''est Sj^ringfield. His numerous sermons, while like 
his life, they breathe a spirit of ckarity v/orthy of imitation, are replete with good 
sense and original views, conveyed in a style of that solid practical character, 
which is uriivcrsaily adm.ired, and almost inimitable. Ainorg periodical works, 
without adverting to the effcrts of others, may be mentioned the spleniid travels 
F 



4fif VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

of Adams tlirou^h Silesia, which were published in the Port Folio ;* the abftf 
and irteres'incf niornl essays of F:ske, which, under the Philanthropist and other 
titles, appeared in the Massachufeits Magazine ; and the numerous poetical pro- 
ductions of Mis Morton, " which have manifested talents honorable to herself 
and cou.T-.ry, and been noticed with respect by foreign, as well as domestic crit- 
ics " Vifi. us works comprising the rudiments of science, and other valuable 
comoends, might also be men;io:ied. It is not the intention of the writer to give 
even a catalogue of all our publications : but to tho-e not enunumed, may be 
added Hutchpison's History of Massichusetts. and Morse and Par.fh's New 
England ; Adams' View of the Constitutions, Hannah Adams' View of Relig- 
ions, and History of the Ameiican W<ir ; the Botanist by Waierhouse,f and the 
Poems of Paine. 

♦' The sagKity, ardor, and inventive ingenuity of our cit'zens, are all calca-' 
lated to csrry us to a high state uf perfection in the arts The enterprise of our 
merchants, though opposed by unexampled foreign aggressions, has extended our 
commerce to every habitable chme, and spread cur flag over every water on 
which a vessel can fl -at. In imulements of agriculture, in the machinery of va- 
rious mechanic arts, many ingenious and useful inventions and improvements 
have been ni..de. In agriculture, too, such important knowledge has been ac- 
quired, that the ftce of the country is changed, and plentiful crcps cover a soil 
rot long since though, unwoithy of culture :" but in the various branches of the 
fine arts, the state is yet ill us infancy, and there is little to animate us with 
pltasure or *it:h pride I 

Though in the great confederacy of letters, MassachuseUs prohribly sustains the 
second rank among the Ameri:an states, yet she has not justilitd the ex;'ecta- 
tions which her pcpuUtion, wealth, the generally enlightened condition of her 
citizens, and other adv-intages, would naturally inspire. Thousands, indeed, re- 
ceive vjhdt is denominated a '-libetal education ;" but the early and rspid prog- 
ress in cUssical pursuits at our public institutions of learning, wiil never make 
inen of teal science; and u .h.ipi^ily, these o' jeers are tio generally abandoned in 
future life. The profession of law is usually regarded in tvetv cour.it v where it 



* I'he lateaccompTished editor of that ppper thus characteiizes the j urnal of 
Mr ridams " The subsequent letter is the commencement of a series, which 
v/iil be regularly published in this p^per. It is unnecessaty to dwell on the gen- 
eral excellence of this tour. It will be obvious to every intelligent reader, that 
it has been made by no vulgar traveller ; hut by a man of genius and observation, 
v/ho, in happy union, combines the power of selecting the most interesting and 
picturesque objects, and of describing them gracefully " 

f " 'i he C0UIS3 of medicai lectures by this gentleman," says his biographer. 
** comprise as rich a collection of facts and doctrines as could possibly be con- 
tained in tl'.e s ime number oif dissertations ; but it is to his lectures on natural 
history, that he is mobt indebted for his high reputation at the university of Cam- 
bridge. His labors in this dep<rtment will forever secure him the honor of be- 
ing the foundei of natural history and botany at that institution : but what has 
made Dr VVdterhouse most known in the eastern and western hemisphere, is the' 
conspicuous and leading part he b;;s taken in the fust of all medical discoveries. 
Vaccination." 

X Copley a native of Massachusetts, who has long sustained almost the first 
rank ann.no the painters in llngland, belongs to the list of American artists, who 
have sought in foreign climes, that just patronage, which, the little attachment 
manifested by their countrymen to the cause of the fine arts, forbade them to cx»» 
pect at home. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 4S 

Cikts, as the mo«t brilliant assemblage of learning and talents ; but our cit'zcnsof 
that class do not devote their attention to literature and scicn.e, as ex ensively 
as mighc be expected ; and how many of them piss a.vny their yea»-s. apparently 
satis'itd with nicie mechanical duties, and with the politi s and other i,cidents of 
the day. Can any citizen of MaiS;ichusetts contemplate the p oud distinction to 
vhich Philiidtlphia has attained, as the patroness ot jcience' li'erature, and the 
arts, without an ardent wiih, that our nieiropoiis might become the rival of that 
Athens of our country, in her inarch to g ory. Even the "icademy of Arts 
and Sciences, in tlie bosom of the capital, with its nume ous me ribers in different 
puts of the country, compared wi h the Ameacan Philosophical Society, ling, 
ers in the publicatitn of its transactions. " The general piosperiiy has pervad- 
ed almost every mansion, and our citizens have long been in the habit of seek- 
ing expensive gratifications. Let us h.sten toeleva'.e our enj yments ; to refine 
the public taste, and look for pleasure in mote noble and di^nilied obj cts The 
g-rn us and the mateiiats for the liberal pursuits of letters and the arts are abun- 
dantly spread : they languish only for want of taste, and sprit, and pationage. 
These sister stud'cs should be among the first to share the nation,! munificence, 
since" nextto liberty, " they are always tiie best and brightLSt hon ts of a free 
people. If we regard merely indivioual h ippiness, they are the purest sources 
of enjoyment : they calm the turbulence of p)litical discuss ons ; like the air we 
breathe, their influence reaches eveiy object that can conttibute to our comfort 
or satisfaction, nil their d'ffubive light sheds over national manners, a so'tened. 
beauty, which like the mellow coloring of the painter, fo ms n,> feature of the 
landscape, but is the charm of the whole If we seek the gloiy of the narioD, 
these pursuits will again present us wi.h the most brilliant objects of ambition ; 
they strengthen the infancy of a nation, because they purify its mornls ; they give 
lustre to its maturity ; they enliven its decay ; and cheer even its luins, with the 
proud vestiges of ancient renown." 

Religion. 

The religious denominations in ihi« state are Congregationilists, B^pM>-ts, Pres- 
byter i^ns, Q^uikcrs, Shaktri, S.mde iianians, Universaiists, and Rom in Catho- 
lics. These Christian sects are divided into Calvinists, -Anninians, and Socitiians. 
Deistical pincp es prevail also to a small extent, in almost every congregation. 

By the cjnsticutiun of Mass-ichusetts, part i, artic e 3, it is provided that the 
legisla ure of this commonwea th sh.tll, from tine to time, authorize and require 
the several towns, parishes, precincis, and other boJies politic or rei^g'ous so.ie- 
ties, to makesuitablj p'ovision, at th.irown exp.-nse. for the insti u ion of the 
pub 10 worshi ) of God and tor t!\e support and maintenan 'e of pulMic protesrant 
teachers of piety religion, and mora ity, in all cases where sucu provition shall 
not be made voluntari y 

With this constiu:ijnaI i jun-rti )n the legio'ature have complied, and enforced 
the support of religion jy law, inflicting considecabe pecu iary penalties upon 
such public bodieb for deiinqu ncy in ths particuKr : but thoug 1 it is a requisi- 
tion ot our consiitution and laws, that every citizen shall commute to the main- 
tenance ol the potestant religioi, yet by a st.^iute of June 18, 1811, it is enact- 
ed that ail moneys paid by any citizen of this commonwealth, to the support of 
pub ic worship, or of publ c teachers of rergion, iha I, if such citizen r; quire it, 
be u liformly -ppiied to the su})pori of the pujiic teacher of his own religious sect 
or den.>minj.non provided there be any on whose instructions he usually attends, 
as well where such teacher is the tciicher of an unincorporated, as of a corporate 
religious society. 



U VIEW OF MASSAQ-IUSETTS. 



Character, Political and Social State. 

Many circumstances incident to the national association, as v/e!l as to the particu- 
lar state cf society in Massachusetts, have contiibiited to itispire our citizens with 
a hi_;ih dfgree ol public and ptivcte virtue : ?.nd in no p.'at of the United States, 
are ihe great fuund/.tions of general morality more fiimly established. The popu- 
lation of the state is composed mostly cf the cultivators of the soil, v/hcse supe- 
rior virtue in every ccun:ry, compared with that of otiier classes, is proverbial. 
Our citizens are enterprising, enlightened, and hospitaole. Their geiieral char- 
actet nvay be derived frcm the distir.guished simplicity of manners, the indus-' 
trious pursuits and laudable economy of life, the excellent system of popular ed« 
ucation, in connection with the various other means of knowledge, the numer- 
ous beneficent institutions for the promotion of individual and socia! happiness, 
the suptri&r benignity of relioioo, the almost unexampled equality of ^. ^percy, 
and the still mere irivaluabie equality of rights. Novel and powerful causes have, 
indeed, prodtjced a diiTerence between th-'s and foreign countries, in the elements 
of the social state, and almost in those of humsn nature, accompanied by a cor- 
responding diversity of ciiaracter, highly favorable to the former, but in relation 
to which, it would perhaps bedceincd invidious to institute a comparison. 

Within the meR^ory of our aged citizens, society has here undergone an as- 
tonishing change. The body of our population has long since been removed from 
the priv^iticns attendant upon the opening of the forest, and cannot be expected 
to posses? the hardy qualities that such efforts produce. Scenes of perilous war- 
fare with the savages, and subsequent contests, which summoned all the activity, 
patience, and intrepidity ofman, andthe abundance of game which lured our 
fathers to the ch se, no longer combine to form the dexterous warrior and hun- 
ter : athletic exercises have vanished before the more effeminate ; and notwith- 
standing the apparent simplicity of present habits, the plain neighborly intercourse 
of fotmcr days, is too generally succeeded by idle and expensive parade, and our 
citizens have fallen into the lap of comparative luxury. It ought to be observed, 
however, rhatwi;hin a few yeais past; they have evinced a disposition to rely, 
more thi,n formerly, upon their domejtic resoorces ; and that the vanity which in- 
duced £0 niany, in ordinary and even indigent circumstances, servilely to imi- 
tate the dress, and odier extravagant examples of those who were affluent, or 
were wasting the property of others upon a tcaipcrary and fraudulent credit, has 
to a consider.'.ble extvnt subsided. 

In Massachujetts, ger.eral and locil politics have engrossed a vast sh:ire of the 
public atteption. This msy be reasonubly expected in every free commonwealth. 
From the ahncst equal division of the two political parties, the asperities of lan- 
guage and dispositior attending such conliicis, have existed in a high degree, and 
btei- r:p.esented by st.angeis, as h:;ving expensively undermined the confidence 
of society, and laid waste most of the llessings of private life. This representa. 
lion must he un.ie: stood with much iimitation. .-^ ttempts to break up that faith 
and trust, which, i.itegiity of character and other viftr.es, so naturally inspire a- 
roong neighbors and b'.ethrtn of the same g^-at fimiiy, have met with but limited, 
success. Personal merit is still, with (e\w cxccptioDs, duly estimated; and cur citi- 
zens of different political views, altliongh at mcmeniaiy intervals, involuntarily im- 
pressed with feelings 5,0 hos;ile to human happiness, in general, repose that liberal 
confidence in each other, which naturally subs.sts among good men, ;^nd is the soul 
of the social state. The correctness of this remark may be derived from the al- 
most uninterrupted and frifrndly intercourse, as well r^s interchange of relative du- 
ties, hetv/ccn those of opposite sentiments on public affairs j and is Uemonstrate<i 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. U 

by the existence among them, of the same undistinguished and universal reliance 
in oidinary dealings, which prevails with such as think alike on those important 
subjects ; and l)y the daily formation, tin cu^h intermarriages, of tl^e most endear- 
ing connections in life. 

Population and Valuation. 

tin the year 1753, ^^^ population of Massachusetts, from the best authorities 
of that period, was 220,cco ; in 1773, it was 300,000 ; by the census of 1790, 
it amounted to 378,785 ; by that of 1800, 10422,845 ; and by rhe census of 
-iSiOj it was 472,040 ;* having increased 49,195 during the last ten years. By 
the latest enumeration, the white inhabitants consist of 229,742 males, and 
235,561 females, making the excess of the latter 5.819 ; tooether with 6.737 
other persons. Ihe column of slaves is here a blank ; for by virtue of the first 
article gf the declaration of rights, in the constitution of Massachusetts, which 
was framed Match 2, 1780, slavery was abolished, The inconsiderable in- 
crease of oar population for many years, may be attributed, in a great degree, to 
extensive emigrations, particularly to the state of New York. It is an unfavor- 
able circumttance, tht^t the natural progress of our population should be impeded 
by 'he prevalence of the unfounded opinion that the means of subsistence and of 
acquiring property, are comparatively diminished in the married state, and by 
that unfortunate propensity, which contemplates a competition with others in the 
style of living, the most humble province of ambition; under the influence of which, 
individuals are induced to defer the subject of marriage to a period of life, whea 
those dispo!)itions of (he human heart, so favorable to the formation of happy 
connections, have subsided ; and thus wholly, or during the flower of their days, 
to abandon the situation that promises the highest degree of happiness, and to 
which they are destined by the dictates of reason, nature, and the benevolent Au- 
thor of all good. * 

The following table exhibits the gencrs.1 census of Massachusetts in the year 
1810, with the aggregate of each town and county in 1800. The towns in the 
lespective counties, for facility of reference, are alphabetically arranged. Those 
places marked D. are incorporated districts ; those matked U. are unincorporat- 
ed ; all other places being incorporated tov/ns : in those designated by the letter 
P. post offices are established ; those with an asterisk subjoined, are the seats of 
the courts in the several counties ; and to the latter are also added the distance 
in miles, and the general direction from Boston, assuming the nearest point. 
Wheie towns are connected by a brace, the upper has been incorporated from the 
lewcr town, since 1810. 

The three last columns exhibit the. valuation of 18! r, as reported by the 
committee appointed for that purpose, and with a few alterations, accepted by 
the legislature. The hrst column comprises, geneiaily, a list of male polls 
of sixteen years old and upwards, in the several couBties and subdivisions there- 
of ; the second column represents the interest of six. per cent, on tiie actual valui; 
of all rateable estate, both real and jiersonal, not exempted by law from paying 
etate taxes, with the exception of wild lanus, the value of which is fixed at two' 
per cent. ; and the third column is the apportionment of the sum of one thousand 
dollars, on the several towns, districts, and taxable places, in this division of tlie 
commonwealth. 



*The population of the District of Maine by the last census, is 328,705, con- 
sisting of I i 5,509 white male inhabitanis, i \Z;2i1 females, and 969 ether per- 
sons, making the pojjuiation of trie cyannoiiwcaiih 700,745. 



«6 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



, 


On i,coo dollars, 
at 2 mills each. 


includ 


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ciudinn he-ids of fA-^vVfr | -^ j 

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five, including he-j.ds of f nr lies, j o 



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I o I 






Ut foity hvc and upvvarob, in- 1 H 
ciudiog heads of fd'niJes 



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Of tuenty six ai.a uridtr twny | ^ 
five, i;:c'u:iir,g he.ids of famil-es. J . 



six, ir.o'^iidinq hen^s ;"f fjiiiilies ( o 



Often and under sixreen. 



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PQUr^-sl^W'^QH? 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



47 





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VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



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Pedrick's Island, 
Pembroke, 
Plymouth, P. * 
4C, s. E. by s. 
Piympton, P. 
Kochester, P. 
SritnPte, P. 
Wareham, P. 




< 


Barnstable, P * 

65, s. E by s. 
Brewster, P. 
Chatham, P. 
Dennis, P. 
Marshpee, U. 
Kastham, P. 
Falmouth. P. 
Harwich, P. 
Orle.ns, P. 
Provincetown, P. 
Sandwich, P. 
Truro, P. 


=c a 




I. 

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VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



51 



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VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



61 



Military Force. 

The militia of Massachusetts is composed of all free, able-bodiecl, white 
liiale citizens of the state, resident therein, between the age of eij^hteen, and un- 
der that of forty five years, with the exception of various national, state oflicers, 
and others, exempted by a statute of the United States, and of this common- 
wealth. 

A Table of the Militia of Massachusetts Proper, and of the District of Maine, 
officers inclusive, in 1812. 



c 

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3 




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Artillery. 


Cavalry. 


1 


3 


9 


Suffolk and Norfolk. 


6,219 


359 


273 


2 


2 
2 


1 1 
8 


Essex. 
Middlesex. 


5-393 
5,120 


5^3 
310 


202 
3 10 


4 


2 


10 


Hampshire, Frank. & Hamp. 


5.905 


445 


388 


5 


3 


10 


Plymouth, Bristol, Barosta- 
ble, Duke's, and Nantucket 


9,111 


345 


241 


6 

7 


2 
2 


8 
1 1 


York. 
Worcester. 


4.767 
6,2e5 


69 

306 


69 
459 


8 


2 


8 


Kennebeck and Somerset. 


4'97' 


163 


202 


9 

10 


2 
2 


6 

7 


Berkshire. 

Hancock and Washington. 


2,988 
4>o63 


165 
153 


216 
59 


1 1 

1 2 

13 


2 
2 
2 


8 
6 
5 


Lincoln. 

Cumberland. 

Oxford. 


4,204 

3.446 
2,118 


1S2 
71 


'53 
141 
122 




28 


107 










Aggregates ir 
Do. in M^ss 


1 the Co 

achasett 


mmonwealtb, 
3 Proper, 


64,51c 


3,228 


2,835 


40,941 


2.435 


2,089 


Total of th 


e formei 


'» - 


. 




70,573 


D 


0. of til 


: latter, 


. 




- 


45.465. 



A difTerence of opinion prevails relative to the military policy of the United 
S*ate«, and the efficiency of this kind of defence. Ail real military men agrfe 
that tlie present system must be radically changed, to render it adequate to the 
exigencies of the country ; and believe that this may be effected, without resort- 
ing to a standing army in time of 'peace. Various plans have been proposed, 
founded upon the basis that every citizen should be armed, but only a pait dis- 
ciiilined ; the latter being always held ready for the national stryice. On the 
immense unnecessary expense, however, of the extensive militia establishment 
of our country, and the glaring inequality attending the mode in which that bur- 
den is sustained ; and on the inefHciency of this species of force, of which in- 
subordination is an invariable and necessary characteristic, in conflicts with regu- 
Iat troops, it is perh:>.ps useless to dwell, against th^t overwhelming popular con- 
fidtoce, which the system and the character of the force have inspired, and 
K 



62 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

which it IS to be feared, no persistency in this waste of treasure, and unequal tax- 
ation, no opinions, and no disasters, willevei shake. That the militia or Massa- 
chusetts Proper are not esfceeded by any in the union is undoubtedly true ; and 
that the American militia are equal to any in the world, will not be contested : 
but it is believed that militia are universally iricompetent to the purposes of war. 

Gen. Washington, in a letter to Gov Reed of Pennsylvania, dated October 
18, 178c, which was a circular to the Executives of the several States, and has 
never it is presumed been till recently before the public, observes, that " it is tiaie 
we should get rid of an error, which the experience of all markind has exploded, 
and which our own experience has dearly taught us to reject : the carrying on a 
war wii.h miiitia, or wliich is nearly the same thing, temporary levies, agninnt % 
regular, peroianent, and disciplined force. The idea is chimerical, and that wc 
have so long persisted in it, is a reflection on the judgement of a nation so en- 
lightened as we are. as well as a strong proof of the emjnre of prejudice over rea- 
son. 1( we continue in the infaiuition, we shall deserve to lose the object for 
which we are contending. America has been almost amused out of her liberties. 
We have frequently lieard the behavior of the militia extolled, upon several occa- 
sions, by men who judge only from the surface, by men who had particular views 
in misrepresenting, by visionary men whose credulity easily swallows every vague 
story, in support of a favorite hypothesis 1 solemnly declare, I never was wit- 
ness to a single instance, that can counfenance an opinion of militia or raw troops, 
being fit for the real business of fighting. I have found them useful as light par- 
ties to skirmish in the woods, but incapable of making or sustaining a serious at- 
tack. Tt.is firmness is only acquired by habits of discipline and service. I mean 
rot to detract from the merit of militia : their zed and spirit upon a variety of 
occasions have entitled them to the highest applause ; but it is of the greatest im- 
portance we should learn to estimate them rightly. We may expect every thing 
from ours, that mili ia are capable of ; but wc must not expect fiom any, services 
for which regulars alone are fit." The same sentiraents are contained in other 
pubic communications from "our first and greatest revolutionary character : and 
if every thing from the pen of Washington did not carry with it a paramount au- 
thority, our own subsequent experience, and above all, the present situation of the 
military establishment of the United States, should stamp an additional value on 
the dehberate opinions of or^e who so often conducted the soldiers of America to 
victory." 

Col. Henry Lee, a distinguished partisan officer during the American war, in 
his recent work, entitled *' Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of 
the United States," says, that " whenever the commiinjent of our militia in bat- 
tle with regulars occurs, the heatt of the writer is rent with painful emotions ; 
knowing, as he does, the waste of life resulting from the stupid, cruel policy. 
Can there be any system devised by the wit of man, more the compound of in- 
humanity, of murder, and of waste of rciources ? Ought any government to be 
respected, which, when peace permits substitution of a better system, neglects to 
avail itself of the ipportunity ? Were a flither to put his son, with his small-sword 
diawn for the first time, agaipst an txpcrlenced swordsman, would not his neigh- 
bors exclaim, murderer ! vile murderer ! Just so acts the government ; and yet 
our parents are all satisfitd ; although, whenever war takes place, their sons are 
to be led to the altar of blood. Dreadful apathy ! shocking coldness to our 
progeny ! Convinced as I am, that a government is the murderer of its citizens, 
vhich sends them to the field uninformed and untaught, where they are to meet 
men of the same age and strength, mechanized by education and discipline for 
Luttlc, 1 cannot withhold my denunciation of its wickedness and folly ; much as 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 63 

I applaud, and must ever appLiuJ, those instances of armed citizens vying with 
our best soldiers in the lirst duty "f 'nan to liis country.'' 

Steuben, Hanison, and other iffi.ers of distinction, have attempted, by their 
pubhcatiuns, to inspire our country !ien witii correct views on this vastly important 
subject ; and in support of the prcc diig opiniuns, nmy be safely .idded, wliatever 
our country can boast ct militaiy c^perieiKe and science : but the confidence of 
GUI citizens in the militia, t!iou;^h entertained in defiance of our revolutionary 
history, and the testimony of our best cfRcers, will probably continue to be the 
great and radical vice in our modes of thinking on militaiy afTiiis ; and our coun- 
try may perhaps be aroused too late, from the slumbers of this false and danger- 
ous security. 

Manufactures. 

The manufactures of Masachusetts are very extensive. Domestic fabrics, 
which are almost universaiiy wrought, even in the families of the most independ- 
ent gentlemen in society, constitute a vast aad invaiuable resource, and already 
compose the general dress of the inhabitants. Besides large manufacturing estab- 
lichments in various p'aces, numerous mech.'.nic ans .ind trades, for the m,inufac- 
ture of articles of the first necessity in social life, every wheie abound, and are so 
familiar to the mind, that their immense importance is almost foigotten. 

At Springheld, in the county of Hampden, the United States have an exien- 
sive establishment for the manufacture of arms. The original seat of this manu- 
factory is also a military post, which is a perfectly level, elevated plat, situated 
about half ,1 mile east of tre village, from winch there is a gradut! ascent, flank- 
ed on the north by a deep ravine, and on the south by a less considerable one, 
with an extensive plain spreading m ihe rear, the adjacent parts being uncovered, 
fronting on the brow of the decuvity, and commanding an exiensive and beauti- 
fully variegated landscape. 

At the arsenal, theie is one brick building ^04. feet by 32, of two stories, di- 
vided into eight equal rooms, occupied by lock lin.rs, stockers, and linishers ; one 
brick forging shop 13c by 35,01 one scory, coi taming Icven double forges, used 
for forcing the lim is of the IjlK.;, screw pi.is, and ri-puri.ig tools ; eight dwelling 
houses, three stores, a carpeaters shop, coil, aud proof house. 

The water works are situated about a mile south of the arsenal, in three differ- 
ent sites, denominated the upper, middle, and lower water shops, on an excellent 
stream falling into the Connecticut, and exhi )iting, in a little distance, the great- 
est asseinbl.j-ge of mills and other water works, to be fjund in the state. 

The whole comprises five work shops. The upper v/o:ks have one shop 6^ 
by 33, of two stories, built of stone and brick. 'J'he lower story contains three 
water wheels, one for polishing, and two for grinding barrels, mounting, locks, 
and bayonets ; tlie upper rooms being occupied lor polishing barrels, locks, 
mounting, and ram rods, milling and slitting screw pins, milling tumblers, and 
makings screw pins and swivels : one stone shop 75 by 30, of one story, con- 
taining one trip hammer and ten forges, (bellows all biuwn by water,) eight of 
v/hich are used ioi welding barrels ; three dwelling houses, a store, and coal 
house. 

The middle works have one stone shop 84 by 45, of one story, which con. 
tains tliree water wheels and eight forges, (bellows all blown '.y water,) one wheel 
for a trip-hammer, one for gnnjiug barrels, and one for rough and smooth bor- 
ing barrels ; the forges are used lor a trip hamaier, barrel welding, forging bayo- 
nets, and repairing tools : one stons shoo 50 by 23, of one story, which also 



a* VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

contains three water wheels for three trip hammers, six forges for trip-hammcfS/ 
andforj>ing bayonets ; one dwelling house, two stores, and four coal houses. 

At the lower works, there is one shyp 45 by 32, of two stories, the lower 
one of hewn stone, and the upper of brick. The lower story contains three wa- 
ter wheels and five forges, on*:; wheel for a trip hammer, one for grinding ramrods 
and mounting, and one for polishing ; tiie forges arc occupied for a trip-hammer, 
and by mounting forgers. The upper room is used by mounting filers, and pol- 
ishers : one dwelling house, store, and coal house. 

About two hundred and twenty workmen, on ai: average, were employed dur- 
ing the year ending in September 1810, and manufactured 10,24.0 muskets. 
Many raw hands had been employed, who were at tliat period so improved, that 
it was presumed the same number would make f 2,oco in the next twp.lve months. 

In the year 1809, an extensive woollen manafrictory was established in the 
vicinity of Northiimpton, by the Messrs. Shepherds of that village, wi\ich is con- 
fined almost exclusively to the manufacture of superfine broadcloths. Tte es- 
tablishment, including buildings and machinery, cost forty thousand dollars ; and 
constantly employs in the different branches fifty workmen, consisting of men 
and beys. There is now turned off every day, a piece of broadcloth measuring 
twenty two yards, seven quarters wide, which is wove eleven quarters. Ten 
thousand dollars in wool is required to be had constantly on hand, to stock it. None 
but the best full bloeded merino wool is here made into superfine cloth, 01 can 
make it. This costs 1 dol. 50 cts. per lb. There is at present a scarcity of 
this article ; but in a few years, there will be a supply equal to the wants of the 
country, from the merino flocks which are spreading in all quarters. The wool 
heretofore mantifactured at this establishment, has been principally imported from 
Lisbon : but no difference is found in the fineness of the merino wool raised in 
the United States, and that imported. The cloth manufactured at this esti<blish- 
ment is generally superior to the su))erfine imported cloth, and some of it is not 
surpassed by any foreign manufacture It sells at 10 dollars per yard by the bale, 
in New York. In case of a free importation from England, there would be a 
considerable depression in the price. 

The returns of the officers who took the late census of the United States, on 
the subjects of manufactures and manufacturing esablishments, the state of which 
it became by law a part of their duty to report, exhibit an interesting view of the 
immense resources of our country. The number of looms, and of carding and 
spinning machines almost exceeds belief, as does also the amount of cloth prepar- 
ed by the inhabitants * The woollen manufacture has prodigiously increased, 
as well In the quality and variety, as in the quantity of the goods. The prog- 

*The nurr/ber of wool carding machines and fulling mills in the United 
States, as returned, amount to i.,6go each ; the water and horse mills employed 
in spinning cotton, to 330, and work 100, ceo spindles ; the number of looms is 
more th^n 330, coo ;and the total number of yards of cloth made of wool, cot- 
ton and flax, exceeds seventy five millions. The quantity of ardent spirits an- 
nually distilled, appears by the returns, to equal the prodigious amount of nearly 
twenty four miilior.s of gallons. The extraction of brandy from peaches, of an 
alkohoiic liquid from cider, and of whiskey from rye, and even maize, is carried 
to this alarming excess. These returns contain a more distinct and inieresting 
exhibition, than we have ever had before, of the saltpetre manufactured in the 
states. Massachusetts, Virgiui;!, Kentucky and Tennes.sce, prepare nearly half a 
n)illion of pounds, as good as that usually brought from foreign parts. it is al- 
leged, that the quantity may be increased to any desirable amount. The con- 
Keciion of this with numerous manufactories cf gunpowder, puts us quite at our 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 6^ 

fess made in the preparation of cotton twist, and of the various articles into which 
it may be manufactured by the weaver, has been still more rapid and swrprising. 
The manufacture of linen is also so far extended, and so much on the increase, 
as to excite the most animating prospects : and such advances are already made 
towards supplying domestic fabrics enougli to clothe the people, that only a fe\r 
years will probably be necessary to effect that important object. 

The manufacture of straw is eminently worthy of notice. In this state, where 
the forming of bonnets from that material seems to have first commenced, the an- 
nual amount of the manufacture is more tlian 550,000 dollars, piesenting an ex- 
ample of industry and economy, highly honorable to the ladies of Missachusetts. 

li is a fact deserving of attention, that in the single tillage of Lynn, in the 
county of Essex, no less than a million pair of ladies' shoes were made in the 
year 18 i i, and that the leather was all of domestic manufacture. 

For a general view of the state of our manufactures in 1810, reference will be 
had to the subsequent table, comprising the Report of the Marshal for the Dis- 
trict of Massachusetts, a copy of which was furnished from the office of Tench 
Coxe, Esq. of Philadelphia, to whom the Returns of all the Marshals asd Sec- 
retaries were recently committed, that he might prepare for the use of Congress, 
a digest or statement of ail the manufactures aiid manufacturing establishments 
in the United States. At the request of the Committee of Commerce and Man- 
ufactures, Dr, Mitchell, at whose suggestion that arrangement was probably 
made, previously exaniined those returns, and in a letter to the Chairman of the 
Committee, dated Washington, January 7, 1812, of which free use has been made 
in this chapter, observes, that " they abound with information ; though some of 
them are executed with greatly more care and exactness than others. Massa- 
chusetts appears to have been done with remarkable correctness and method, by 
counties and towns. The partial accounts are followed by a general recapitula- 
tion ; and the whole is an example of order and perspicuity, exceedingly cred- 
itable to Mr Prince. It is certainly," says he, " a subject of regret, that a 
grand total cannot be formed of all the manufacturing establishments in the na- 
tion. Yet we may rejoice that so much has been done. When the next cen- 
sus shall be taken, we may be more successful. An exact schedule of all the sub- 
jects of inquiry ought to be formed :" to which Dr. Coxe, the editor of the jour- 
nal in which that letter was republished, subjoins, *' not merely formed, ac that 
period, but attended to long before, and even given to the public, that by due de- 
liberation, the most exact and accurate formula may be chosen." A second ex- 
periment will undoubtedly be attended with additional advantage?, and greater 

ease as to the nitrate of potash, and to the means we posses? of compounding it. 
Works in horn, ivory, and shell, have made a progress that is worthy of notice. 
1 he combs, for instance, which Massachusetts and Connecticut furnish annually 
for market, are estimat>,"d at above 1 50.000 dollars. The abundance of copper- 
as which Tennessee ard Vermont afford, may also be mentioticd. The quanti- 
ty annually from those districts, is stated at 64,000 pounds. The quality of 
those sulphates of iron is declared to be very fine, and that dr'iggists and dyers 
may be supplied to any demand they may make. The preparation of suc;ar from 
the juice ot the maple tree is also important. Of this domtstic sweet, Ohio pro- 
duces annuaily, 3. 023.806 pounds ; Kentucky, 2,47 -sf^^y ; Vermont, 1,200,000 ; 
and Tennessee, 162.340 ; making a quantity of nearly seven millions of pound* 
in these states only, wherein the returns m.iy be conceived to be greatly within 
the truth. The number of gun powder mills are 207 ; which prcr;are ar.nuallv 
1,450,000 pounds of ^.Min pouder. Furnaces, forger, and bloo/neries, kxe enu- 
lljirated to 530 : and the paper mills amount to i:;©. 
1* 



«5 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



SKCCcss : but some experience as one of the assistants of the Marshal of Massa- 
ehosetts, at the last census, in executing that part of the duty which relared to 
manufactures, as well as information from others, have convinced the writer, much 
to his regrtt, that in this section of the Union, serious obstacles in the way of a 
fwlland correct account, will still be found in a sentiment entertained and incul- 
cated by many of our most intelligent citizens, no^. excepting even some members 
of Congress, that such attempts are visionary and u?eless ; but more especially, in 
the too general misapprehension of the people relative to the objects of the law, 
usu<illy displaying itself in a vague impression, that such disclosures will in some 
manner operate to their disadvantage. The returas from Massachusetts were, 
beyond a question, vastly within the real extent of our manufactures in 1810 ; to 
say nothing of die unexampled progress since that period. 'I'he return of wool, 
and cf the number of sheep, particularly, is very defective, and proves the defec- 
tive character of this first experiment. An extensive woollen manufactory, for 
«xaniple, in the paiish of By held, in the county of Essex, employing about forty 
WorlvTnen ; another at Pittsfield in Berkshsire ; and the establishment at North- 
ampton, are entirely uonoticed. Many other manufactories, within the iiniited 
knowledge of the writer, with respect to which the returns are silent, might also 
be enumerated. These partial returns, however, will give some faint idea of the 
vast extent of our manufactures ; and one would imagine, that the value of a very 
few of the most necessary kind, even in times of the greatest commercial pros- 
perity, were so immense, as to render them absolutely necessary to the subsistence 
of our citizens. 

" The progressive improvement of domestic manufactures is a cause of gratu- 
lation and rejoicing. Innumerous hills whiten with fleeces ; unnumbered vallies 
Jabor with plenty ; the plains wave with luxuriant harvests ; the teeming earth 
<discioses her secret treasures ; universal abundance invites the artist and the arts. 
By removing the necessity of resorting 10 foreign climes for supplies of the con- 
veniences of life, domestic manufactures promote the real independence of our 
countiy ; and strengthen the bonds of union between the confederate states, by 
establishing intejnal commerce and increasing their mutual reliance.'* 

The Manufactures of M.issachueetts Proper. 



Names of 
Counties. 


/Asr.es. 


Breweries. 


Bricks. 




•-3 3 
1 %- 


3 


E 




02: 

' c 


> 

3 

c 
3 




3 


c 
a 


ijufi'jik. 








617,60c 


57,800 






Nantucket, 


















Duke's, 


















Norfolk, 




2 


60c 




I 6,00c 


21,25c 


3,090,000 


15.450 


Worcester, 




43 


4.639 




6,40c 


600 






Plymouth, 


















Bristol, 














1,025,00c 


16,817 


Barnstable, 


















Middlesex, 




2 


40 c 


] 


44,800 


5,6©c 


I 8,000,00c 


90.OCO 


Essex, 














1,775,00c 


y.775 


Berkshire, 




(^5 


( 3,000 


I 


32,c®o 


1, 20c 






Hampshire,* 




1 I 


\A)^0 








1,40 9, o«c 


7'025 




•2^ 


2. ,Oiy 


2 


716,800 


86,45 c 


i5,iyj,ooi. 


* Comprising in 


1810, the territory that now forms the counties of Hampshire, 


Fra»-klm. and H 


Hmpden. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



67 



Names ot 
Counties. 


Buttons. 


Yearly 
amount 
->f straw 
b')nnet5 


Brushes. 


Corn Brooms 


1 Catj>iit. 


~ 


:;2: 

o c 
N 3 

3 ^ 

O 


3 
o 

c 

3 


C3 D 

i S 

Si 5 

* 



5 


n 


3 


c 

3 


Number 
)f Pounds 
Number o*^ 
Factories. 


3 



c 





Suffolk., 




20,O0C 




















Nantucket, 
























Duke's, 
























Norfolk, 






217,424 


1,666 


S,ooc 










2,000 




Worcester, 






77,7^'^- 


















i-'iynouth, 






6; i 1 9 


















Bristol, 
Barnstable. 






90,671 


















vliddlesex, 






93'794 


















u-ssex, 






2>35- 


















Berkshire, 
























Hampshire, 




6.^,75^- 






70,0004,00c 










20,0C0 


551^988 


i,666l5,oo>. 


70,000 


4,00c 






z,ooo 





Cloth and Clothiers' Works. 


Names of 


i Cotton lactones. iWoolen Cloth. ( Carding Machines. 


1'^ -S 2: 


"5 ? 


> 


^ :5^ > 


^ ~o ? 


;> 


Counties. 


is! =■ ° 


c 9 

E_ 


5 J 


: ,1-1 P 


£0 


3 






1 




. -rj: 


W l-t,) 




6uiio;k, 


















Nantucket, 


















Duke's, 












^ 


6;000 


480 


Norfolk, 


10 4 208 


I28,575;i36,i59 






8 


^^^(y^ 


3'527 


Worcester, 17 3^926 


'5i>33'*i'7i.764 






44 '^ 


57,900 


18,680 


Piymouch, 


j 3 4'''C 


1 






5 


4,500 


8,930 


Briotol, 


:'3 5.875 


3c8,572;343.457 


I 68601029c 


1 1 < 


'5,000 


4,280 


Barnstable, 


' 1 


i 






^ 


7,coc 


700 


Middlesex, 


4' 3^272 


2:)4, 678240,600 






b i 


^7.355 


5,808 


Essex, 


5 487 


35»»^5| ^7.926 






1 1 ^ 


7,40© 


2,992 


Berkshire, 










29 . 2 


7,016 


76,508 


Hampshire, 2! 


I.20n' 


10.000 20,000 






j^ 259^799 ■_ 
:8oJ797,2?6 - 


14,288 
36,193 


H 


19 44S 3-;8.348 9 ?i.9c6 i 686o r 


C29C 


Names of 


1 


..uorns. 


Fuiiinc; 


Mills. 


\ ^vinain;' Jenrntis. 


t-^z 




^2; 1 > 


7^ 


><{)■> 12 


: r "<; 


l>> 


Counties, 


• 


% 9 


3 


p 


-1 


3 9 


1" 
9 3. 


3 


Suffolk, 










\ 


1 




Nantucket, 




4.3OG 


2,980 












Duke's, 


8g 


i7'775 


12,442 


2 


4,00c 


2 2, coo 






Norfolk, 


l,02J 


19 


'.59.^ 


129,397 


5 


16,501 


■ < 2,375 






Worcester, 


4'594 


836,72. 


489,640 


5^ 


.•92,30< 


S 32,083 






Plymouth, 


^.353 


3+7. 69^ 


162,284 


1 2 


23^65', 


} 3 '945 






Bristol, 


2.597 


3 ' 9'9C5 


144-492 


1 1 


32,50c 


i 5'4'i^ 






Barnstable, 


327 


41.72c 


20,860 


4 


3,80c 


) 634. 






Middlesex, 


1,788 


448,661 


246 709 


1 1 


44.75^ 


; 18,303 






Essex, 


1,426 


259,053 


io3,»i3 


If 


25,69c 


24,140 






Berkshiie, 


2.633 


527,226 


181,058 47i 


162,860 


123,612 'ii 


■fc3600C 


2860C 


Hampshire, 


5,-^? 


•»o54.558 


966.fj4.f 


67 
221 


229,074 


2 19,891 








2256414,048,205 


2t)Ooj70 


73s.,94fc 


442,40 1.3b 


o3b00i- 


iri6w. 



6S 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Names of 


Play- 
ing 


Wnol Cards. 


Cabinet Work. ( 


y. 


a >• 1 :?2: 


?• 


>- ^ 


qo >- 


Counties. 


Cards 






N 


3 S- 


g 


3 fti 


l^ 3 




Amt. 


UJ 






•-n 




•-'3 


" 




Surtoik, 


i5,00C 








I 15 uco 


J, 000 


24,000 


Nantucket, 


















Duke's, 




















Norfolk, 


82,50( 


) 










38,450 






Worcester, 




^ 


953 


6,998 






23,61c 






Plymouth, 














12.099 






Bristol, 














9,750 






Barnstable, 




















Middlesex, 




I 


9,0007^,000 


I4,40{ 


33,000 


28,850 






Essex, 














61,825 


494 


69,160 


Berkshire, 














4,000 


166 


2,500 


Hampshire, 




4 










25,038 


34 


400 


97.50 


y.y5 3 7 6,M •. 


14 400:3^.000 


3 18,622! i,oy4i 96,060) 




Names of 
Counties. 


CmVbs. 


Candles. | 


5 = 1 


5 c 

1-^ 


i 


r> 


Tallow. j Spermaceti. j 


No. of 


Amt. No. of 


Amount. 




3 ^ 








- 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 




tjuttolk, 








251,250 


40,20( 




i 


Nantucket, 














i85,00C 


146,300 


Duke's, 


















Norfolk, 










1 85,00 e 


27,75f 






Worcester, 


4- 


10,250 


61,047 












Plymouth, 


















Bristol, 










4,000 


64( 


i80,00C 


32,000 


Barnstable, 


















Middlesex, 


1 


166 


.^33 




841,000 


l22,56f 






Essex, 


7 


8,92217,84. 


i I 


155,300 


25,91c 






Berkshire, 




I 












Hampshire, 




507 i,40f 












1 2 "■ 


19,Q05 80,6-^ 


I i 


1, 4^6 Qi;o 2 i7J 6 


k-i5,00C 


178,300 1 



Names of 
Couiities. 


Cooperate. 


Cloc 


ks arc 


Chocolate. 


Coaches 


ScChaise. 


t, p 

u> 


> 
3 


Watfhts 


a; 


1? 


3 


*^ <^ 


3 


^ 


3 


n 




.Suffolk, 






'~? 


21,00c 














Nantucket, 


30,000 


eo,ooo 


















Duke's, 






















Norfolk, 






.85 


4,occ 




65,500 


13,10c 




8.^ 


I2,0CC 


Worcester, 






201 


8,015 














Plymoulli, 






6c 


2,40. 










h 


1,00c 


Bristol, 


85( 


800 


















Barnst^.ble, 






















Middlesex, 








■0..32C 


I 


40,000 


lO.OCC 




28'-^ 


61,95 c 


PIsscx, 










I 


iCOjOCO 


50.OOC 




26. 


34,80c 


Beikshire, 


0,00c 


c,oco 


















Hampshire, 


1,14.^ 

37/>9Ji 


3,5 '8' 


45( 
i6,18c 








— 


3. 
6b; 


' 7 >/ 


69,3^1 


_44^i. 


2 


vo5, 50073,100 


i^i,0/^ 



"VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



G9 



Names of 
Couaties. 

Sudoik, 

Namuckct, 

Duke's, 

Norfolk, 

Worcester, 

Plyniouth, 

Bristol, 

Barnstable, 

Middlesex, 

Essex, 

Berksiiire, 

Hampsliire, 



Distilleries. 



'Z\ Molajses 

o 



Grain. 



Cvoer. 



I No of 
'Gallons. 



23 



1,305,00, 



694.00c 
413.OCC 



I 23 2,472, toe 



Amount. No. of i Amu ^ xno ot 
Galls. I Gallor";. 



Amt. 



764,400 



412,^00 
227,15c 



i9>Scc 



1,8 1 c 



42,120 



9,600 



I, ICO 



:gc 



5^ ^5 5' 



136,50c 



^4-4'35«!^3'73f^^ 42,590 



3 I 6,4.^< 



29,415 



68,2^0 i 

S3-7^' I 

jSi.^86 





JJucK. 


Fisher V. 


Glass. 1 


Names of ' 


;? 


Hemp. 


Cotton. 


Dagt^ing antl 
Tow Cloth 


Bar'!: 
aiack- 


Amt 


'^ 2: 


> . 

3 


Counties. ' Ji 


No. 1 Amt. 


P.e 


Ann 




7n 


tieres' 


ces. 

— ■ 
200 




Yards 


Amt. 


retl. 







' 


Suffblk, 




40 


1,000 


600c 










3600c 


Xantiicket, 
























Duke's, 
























Norfolk, 
















2,70c 


22,275 






vVorcester, 
























Plymouth, 




20 


400 










2,70c 


22,275 






Bristol, 
























Barnstable, 
























Middlesex, 




140 


3.000 


















l^Rsex, 




1-325 


33^'*^'.^ 


















Beiksliirc, 




500 


7,600 


















Hampshire, 


4 


',00035.000 




f6crco3^oco 











,3 c^.5 


80.!? 13 


20c f<ooo'6oooc!33occ 


5.400 


4-4-55= 


30000 



Names of 


G.'oves. 




Fire 


Found«rie'5 of Brrs" and Copper. j 


c 2: 


> 


En^j/.nes. 


l^rass i.tiins. ; Loi:per. 


Ed!s. j 


Counties. 


N • 

'i -■ 




c 
■Ji 




> 
3 


tn 


c >^ r> s -^. 

C P 3 C P 

a- ^ • D- 


3 


No. of 
pounds. 




Suffolk, 




1 


40G0 


1 


12,9707, 1:50x7,059,13,828 


'^»Hi 45551 


^!antuckct, 
























Duke's, 
























Norfolk, 
















4 3^-' 


9,ccc 






Worcester, 










T 










I r,coc 


4000 


Plynidu'.h, 
























BnsttJ, 
























Barnrabie. 
























^liddiescx. 


1275 


^?z'; 




















f-.ssex, 


560c 


icSoc 




















Berkshire, 
























riiinij^aite, 


4^ 


t.1625 


~^ 


















40CO' 2] 1 2 976-", 1 •:;'" 


32.159 


l2^.^i.-< ?o.J<45 


^555 




^1 























70 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Names of 
Counties. 


Foundeiies 1 


iiiits 


Printers* Tr.k. | 


Brass and 
Pewter. 


\Jf^ l)i>SIM Ml 


Wum.jer 

)f Hats Amt. 


:^ y?' 




c 

3 


.No ot 
Pounds. 


Anjt 


n 





No ot Amt. 


made 






pounds 1 
99,^8841,700 






Yearly. 








r. 


Suffolk, 


25i,5.-3 109,781 


. 1,000 


56,001. 


Nantucket, 










1,000 


2,00c 








l>uke's, 










1,200 


3 -00c 








Morfolk, 










18.228, 41,92^ 








Worcester, 










8,148 


32 722 








Plymouth, 










3'957 


14.225 








Bristol, 










8,669 


18,23c 








Barnstable, 




















Middlesex, 










20,997 


103,31. 




JOOO 


3000 


Essex, 










27 506 


58.585 








Berkshire, 










25 960 


41,104 








Hampshire, 










16.380 


44,067 








99,28841,700,25 1,30)31109 70 1 


142,645 


415,167 




oooo|buuo 1 





Forges. 




1 


Names of 
Counties. 


3 p 



CO 


Bar Iron. 


A -'chors- 


Hollo\ 
fons. 


V Ware 
Amt. 


Wrought Iron.j 




3 


/imt. 


•ri 


3 


/imt. 


No. 

lbs. 


Amt. 


buttolk. 


• • 












Nantucket, 






















Duke's, 






















Norfolk, 

Worcester, 

Plymouth, 

Bristol, 

Barnstable, 




5 

8 

1 1 


12 

73 

532 

94 


i,6So 
11,540 
65,89c 
10,84c 


400 


84,712 


57i 
1,598 

«5 


2,500 
1 1,500 
72,30c 
17,000 




102,830 
81,442 

152,956 
10,398 


Middlesex, 






M 


''»75<^ 






2 


40c 




84,830 


Essex, 
Berkshire, 




9 


221 


26,460 


40 


8,000 


80 


1 6,00c 




2d,562 
14,100 


Hampshire, 


1 1 


4 


31 


3'77c 






200 


12.5CC 




49,fi00 


i 1 


^7 


97S 


( 2l.(.)J,0 


440,92,7 12 


2,340^ 


• 33,200 


.'V21,718 



Names of 

Counties. 



buftoik, 

Nantucket, 

Duke's, 

Norfolk, 

Worcester, 

Plymouth, 

Bristol, 

Barnstable, 

Middlesex, 

Essex, 

Berkshire, 

Hampshire, 



Forges. 



RdgeTools. 



No. 
lbs. 



44000 



14001 



No. of 
Pairs. 



l2,OOK 

1,000 

12,312 

12,510 

2,297 

662 

4.734 
10,949 



Amt. 

105.475 
6,000 

89,948 

62,500 

12,265 

5.179 

27,889 
61,025 

42,228 



+ 12,509 



Leather. 
Men's Shoes. 



No. of 
P.^irs. 



Amt. 



1 i,ouU 25,750 
i,500j 2,000 

82,253 144,605 



73,300 
42,231 

9,708 

370,870 
213,633 



73,075 
43,062 
14,959 

390,514 
225,198 



39,869 54,070 



844,«64i973,033 



Women's Shoes 



No. ot 
Pairs. 



1,310,500 



1,310,500 



Amt. 



816,250 



116,250 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



71 



NiilHt-S of 

Counties. 

buii jiK, 

Nantucket, 

Duk.'s, 

Noriolk, 

Worcester, 

Plymouth, 

Bristol, 

Barnstable, 

Middlesex, 

Essex, 

Berkshire, 

Hampshire, 









U5,00C 

2,800 

30,000 

10,500 
i6,oco 

7-325 



161, 6^5 



X^^ Lead - Muskets. 

IT 1:;^ » , . 



•^3 -^ 

O <-r lA 



?^ ■^ y: ^ Mines 

iD -^ pj — ■ . 

^ « a. ^j p 3 



n 



7,00 
6c o 

2,400 






^ 3 

^0,400 

1,000 
4,170 

17.70 
6,500 

3<3'2 

I ,ricc 
1 1,296 
20,80c 

3i'74« 



lo.ooo] 188,726 




200 2 
Too 8 



4,095 

710 

1,000 

22c 

1,800 
11,240 
19,095 



52,380 

8,075 

10,750 

S,500 

20,000 
'J4i38p 
229,085 



3 5^ 

3 s'^ 



17,200 



680 



17,880 





Marble VVoiks. 1 


Nails. 


Names of 
Counties. 


S 


No. of 
Feet. 


;> 

3 


a;' 


(A 


\Viuuiht. 


Cut. 1 tim-ili. 


ions. 


A int. 


Tons. 


r».nic. 




•■imt. 


Sutfolk, 








" 






Nantucket, 






















Duke's, 






















Norfolk, 














500 


111,499 






Worcester, 








5 


5,218 1,575 


679I 


154,262 






Plymouth, 














310^ 


73'457 






Bristol, 








12 




59,180 


669 


133,800 






Barnstable, 






















Middlesex, 












480 


54?^ 


io©,oi6 






Essex, 












3,000 


180 


62,000 




1200 


Berkshire, 


i6'89,400 


38,000 


6 




5,000 


35 


l,loo 






Hampshire, 


'.6 






i.^ 






Si 


2^25-6 




160 
(360 




89,400 


3»,t.«oo 36 


5,2 1^69,2 ;^ S 


29291! 


644,990 





Oil. 


Oil Mills 


Amount of 
Ores, Ochre, 
and Nitrous 
beds. 


Names of 


Sperrpaceti. 


Whale. 


2: No. of 


Anit. 


Counties. 


No. of 
Cialls. 


Ami. 


No. of 
Galls. 


Amt 




Galls. 


surtoik. 








Nantucket, 
Duke's, 

Norfolk, 


77,696 


68,832 


249.72^ 


171,688 








1,000 


Worcester, 
Plymouth, 
Bristol, 
Barnstable, 










9 

i 

4 


15,900 
90c 

5.300 


16,372 
1,165 

6,785 




Middlesex, 












600 


900 




Essex, 










2 


800 


800 




Berkshire, 
Hampshire, 


77,696 


68,832 






7 
7 


9,460 

1 1.5CO 


9,460 
11,500 


150 

200 




249,72s 


171,688 


32 


14,400 


46,0«-2 1.550 1 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Names of 
Counties. 


Paper Mills. 


Powder Miils. | 


Rakes 






Writmp Priper 


Hangings. 





No. of 
pounds. 


Amt. 


-r U ® 




No. ot 
Resms 


<n.mt. 


No. of 
Rolla. 

1 8,00c 


-'imt. 
vb.OOO 


Suffolk, 

Nantucket, 

Duke's, 










1 




Norfolk, 
Worcester, 

Plvmoutfe, 


7 


28,009 
9,340 


56,017 
41,650 


1,500 


I,OC0 


I 


'25,000 


i5,ccc 






Bristol, 

Barnstable, 

VlidQlesex, 

Essex, 

Dcrkshire, 

Hampshire, 


I 

6 
I 
4 

4 


40, 02^ 

4»6ii 

3,40c 


(15,834 
10,300 

10,000 
23,t5.^e 


S,000 


4,500 


5 


95,000 


57,000 


I loco 


1870 


2t 


«5.1-^^' 


^c7.4o ! 22i';ro 


S3,50n 


01 1 200CO 


172,000 


It io'c 


T^-O 





Grist Mi'ls. 


Saw Mil 


s. 


1 


Names of 
Counties. 


p 


Wheal & Kye. ( 


i^orn ci Oats. 


No. 


Pine 


Oak. 1 


No. of 


Amt. 


No. ot 


rvmt. 


Feet, 


Amt. 


Feet. 


-ir.n 






Bushch 




Bush 














SiiiFolk, 
















Nantucket, 






















Duke's, 






















Norfolk, 






















Worcester, 






















Plymouth, 






















Bristol, 






















Barnstable, 






















Middlesex, 






















Essex, 






















Berkshirt, 5? 364000 


264417 






118 


89600CC 


64450 






Hampsliirc,26; 96476 


_8647c, 
'3co8gf 


4905-5 
4yo^/i 


35273^ 32 


1765(100116030 


4Qoroc 


6855 




$4 


460^7^ 


3527'd 


.15c 


1 07 2 5oco|So-18oii9Coc 6h 1^ 5) 



Names of 
Counties. 


Rope Walks. | 


Ship building , 


Sosp- 
stone 
"act'r.'?. 


en S 

n ^<- 

r> - 


5 
5 


Cordage. ' 1 wines. | 


No. of 
Tons. 


Amt. f 





;> 
3 


g? 


> 

15,000 




' i 


.-juiioik. 


'■3^5 


530,00037^250 




1 


i COOC 


Nantucket, 


2 






23,000 


12,420 










Duke's, 




















Norfolk, 


I 


52 


20,S00 














Worcester, 


1 


2} 


SCO 


I,OOC 


400 










Plymouth, 


4 


355 


108,700 






4>575 


i37>55o 






Bristol, 


5 


202 


8o,Soo 














Barnstable, 












2,OCO 


60, COO 






Middi.-ex, 


I 


SCO 


io5,oeo} 3,75c 


1,500 










Ess-^x, 


9 


566 


i8i.6oo20;COC 


8,000 


16,835 


458.545I 






ikrksiiire, 


1 


3 


i,ooc| 












Hrtnipjhirc, 




3 

2,So8i 


961 


b;5,2oc 


___63 
nv3«3 




650,095 


13CC0 
1 300c 


iccoc 




29 


t,o<o,66i 


23.410 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



^ 



Names of 
Counties. 




ateel 




jL-sscnce 


.>lMnr.i->ii 


rir.utf Factories. 


kwiiig 


racrone"?. 


of Spruce. 


Wheels. 





3 ' ?t 


Silk. 


^,. - 


■\ii.r. 


N^'.of Amt. 


No. 1 


Ann. 


[m. 


J' 




o 















d. \ ^ 




g 






^ 




It>s ! 






- 


(/> -^ 








OutluiK, 






1 










Naniticket, 


























Dukt.'s, 


























No: folk, 


























Vv''orcester, 


I 


2; 


+,occ 






15.I 


,'^GO 












Ply mouth, 












3,74; 10,000 












liristo!, 


















14,400 3,6cc 






b^rnsuble, 


















1 






Middlesex, 












1 

1 






46,000,5,335 






Essex, 


















58,000 18,34' 






, Bevksliire, 








'.2>-0| 


2,5CC 


.',494 


7,4^^2 












Hitnipshire, 










1 




I 










'-■^i 


6tR 


I 20 


4>occ 


i,i;)0;2.50C| 


j,y,-y6 17,982 i 


I 18,40c q 7. 28 1 


1036181 




Soap. LoafSurar \ S'it i^p Milis, i 


. K'aiies of 


Ha!d. 1 S^fr. No oi 


1 :^ -; 2: 


Counties, 


No. ot 


.\nit. jbdi- i .-vii.t. Pounds. 


Amt. 1 • 3-^1 Amt. 




Poinds. 

300,000 




1 reN. 1 




__ 


• ^ 1 


Ibufioik, 


30,100; 


322.00c 


64,400 








Nantucket, 


80,000 


R,COC 
















Duke's, 




















Norfolk, 


62A,CCG 


93,00(1 
















Worcester, 




















Plymouth, 




















Bristol, 














4 


9io'r456coj 


Bavnst,ib!e. 












I 








Middiesex, 


777, ceo 


^^■75c 


1,240 


: 5,60( 


> 


t 


I 


300 


80C00 


Essex, 


262,220 


24,247!2,9?'C 


I2,80( 


) 100,000 


i8,cco' 




690 


93000 


Berkshire, 












{ 








Hanipslure, 

I 










r8,7oc 












^•O 


.1^,720 2 ^^>.t.o97 


f. iv>0 


It. :',UUi' 


■^2.4.0^ 


^ 


i wO)'-^ 1 SOOvjI 



^iq.ct:e. 
Names of i^^ ^ 
Counties. g P 



Sait, Works 



Surtoik, 

Nantucket, 

Duke's, 

Norfolk, 

Worcester, 

Ply.T.outh, 

Bristol, 

Burnet ibit, 

MidalciicX; 

Essex, 

Beikshire, 

Haiu;;shire 



i^-',orU->rs^ 



^;iUvO;y3o^ 
N ' 



iNO. or ; 



Salt. 



Xxi^i-'Dei'- SmPs, 



Feet, j No. ut 

iBuf.hels. 



3,ccc 
24,550 

1.200 



! I 2,094 

'■2 7'3)4 



[68,195 



£,08P 
4C( 

1,0 jO 



Ann. 
~666 

4>VS8 
2 -J I 

635 



['9,1 j8 72,6 17 

1, 20c I,2 0Oi 



118,757 



j.\o. of 

Pounds. 



rinit. 



334>23^ 



3,3^9 



"Woollen 
stockings. 
Ani7 



No of 
P^i.s. 



4,000 

7,40e 

3,oco 



4000 

4448 
1180 

22.^0 



79,526. ■i34,23o.i3, 369 



11,8001 8850 
10,269' 7725 



37-9'; I 284^:3 



t-# 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 





1 Sheep. 


tssence of 


8teel 
Thimbles. 


Factories 


ot 


~^ -^ 

• aa /> 


Names of 
Counties. 


Mixed 
blood. 
Merino 


3 


Turpentine 


Tacks 





§ 





N 


> 

3 


Nuniber 
of Tacks. 


Amx. 


burfbik, 


















52,0^0 


Nantucket, 






1O5OCC 
















Duke's, 






















Norfolk, 






















Worcester, 






















Plymouth, 






















Bristol, 
Barnstable, 
















1 1,000,000 


2000 


2,500 


Middlesex, 
Essex, 






i>939 


^000 


90CO 








IS'- 






1,60G 


300c 


90002777 


I coco 






5>465 


Berkshire, 


n 


1.z6z 


89,602 














Hampshire, 


T'-l 














2 ' '- 


• ^ oc 




2c62llO^ 14'! 


600c 


1 S' 002-"'7 


irooo I 1.000,000 





Names of 
Counties. 


Tanneries. | 





Morocco 


Hides. 


- 


Calve 


^mt. 


Hogs. 


No. of 


Yearly 


No of , Amount 


No of / 


a-. 

7^ 3 




— 


SUns. 


Amt. 


Hides. 1 


"kins '■ ' 


5" ^ 


Suffolk, 


l-i,000 


15,00c 














Nantucket, 








2,800 


16 3CC 










Duke's, 


I 






350- 


2,00c 










Norfolk, 


V4 


"^hl^^' 


22, coo 


8.925 


62,64-? 


9'H5 


I9.H5 






Worcester, 


78 






18:681 


119.785 


'3-5^4 


22,23 2 






Plymouth, 








8.805 


45,930 


2,720 


4,9(361 






Bristol, 


42 


2,6co 


IjOCO 


8,498 


38,69C 


4,332 


11,441 






Barnstable, 


1 1 






1,570 


8,3co 










Middlesex, 




172,000 


40,000 


26,754 


181,730 


7.050 


1^-9.^7 






Essex, 




61,700 


51,660 


34,593 


197,626 


'Or393 


22,288 






Berkshire, 


5« 






29,158 


99,376 (0.570 1 1,460 


2800 


9IOC 


Hampshire,! 


«5 






34,462' 


2?o..2 79 8.f 94 18 579 


28or 




29PJ 


iui,80C 


139,660 174,596 !,^.22,66i OJ.HHH 129,078! 


9100 








Tarmeries. 


Whip 
Fartories 


Waggon 
F^^ctor^es 


tarth- 

en 

Ware 


Wire 

Fac- lories. 


iWoodtn 
Ware. 


Names of 


Mieep. 


Counties. j>s)o. ot 


Amt. 


n 


i* 


'^. 


fci* 






Skins. 






N 


2 

300c 





3 , 


Amt 


cr c 


3 

.^CCC 


Amt. 


Suffolk, 




2700 










Nantucket, 






















Dukt's, 






















Norfolk, 


8,925 


13,4073150 


3150 












12 000 


Worcester, 


10,95c 


7,406 












9912 


2,700 


PlynLOUth, 


95c 


700 200 


2CC 












I2,C CO 


Bristol, 


3'^»2 


4,827 














4.3CC 


Barnstable, 


. 


















Middlesex, 


5,938 


3,549100c 


lOCC 






65CC 








I'.Si-ex, 


•20,791 


19,072 








122CC 








lieikshire, 




1 




60c 


Z^COC 








Mani^ih.rc, 


5,970 V170 1 


64 c 


"'■'•6^'.coi 






_49i2 




62, 


\l± 


3^.' 


40 


7ojlI 


Z^^il 


.i.oui^jv i 


\i 


700 




J 


3 I.e.. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



fS 



Names of 
Coan:ies. 


Sheep' 


5 Wool. 


Amount of manu- 
faclures in each 
county. 


Total amount through 
Massachusetts Proper. 

Dolls. 18,594,323* 


17.500 
17,500 


3 


UOilS. 

2.478,391 
547.695 

37.50^ 
1,564,096 
1,682,804 
1,077,720 
1,278,266 
187,160 
2,882,724 
3,147,269 
1,540,061 
2,170,629 


SufFolk, 

Nantucket, 

Duke's, 

Norfolk, 

Worcester, 

Plym .uth, 

Bristol, 

Barnstable, 

Middlesex, 

Essex, 

Berkshire, 

Hampshire, 


7.175 

7: 00., 


* The manufactures of 
the District of Maine, in 
the year 18 10, so far as 
returned by the Marslial, 
amounted to 2,135,781 
dollars. 


35.00a 


H»'7i 





Commerce, 



Massachusetts is an extensively commercial state. The enumeration of the 
principal expoits from the District of Boston and Charlestown, will be found 
generally applicable to the whole state : but of the almost innumerable articles, 
which constirute the imports, it would perhaps be superfluous to attempt even a 
partial enumeration. 

Statement of the gross Amount, in dollars, of the Duties on Imports, Tonnage, 
Passports, Clearances, &c. ; ilie Payments for Debentures issued for Drawback 
on Merdiandtze exported, Bounties, Allowances, and Expenses of Collection ; 
the net Amjunt of Revenue •, and the Payments into the National Treasury 
for the several Districts in Massachusetts Proper, in 1810; with the Aggre- 
gates in the United States for that year ; the Payments for Boston, Salem, and 
other most comiuercial Districts in the Union, for four years, commencing from 
April, 1801 ; and the Tonnage in Shi-iping for those Ports at different periods. 



i8io. 


Gross ^Amount 


Payme.its for 


Net Amount 




jf Duties 00 


Drawback, Sec. 


of Revenue. 


Districts. 


Imports. See. 






Boston, 


2,816,922 


611,598 


2,205.324 


Salem, 


621,019 


464,404 


156,615 


Marblehead, 


63^573 


24,097 


39-476 


Gloucester, 


47^3°^ 


21,061 


26,240 


Newburyport, 


I '9 447 


63,069 


56,37« 


Ipswich, 


107 


1,913 




Plymouth, 


30,616 


13,169 


17,447 


Barnstable, 


8,704 


2,997 


5'707 


New Bedford, 


12,583 


1,063 


11.520 


Dighton, 


3.^05 


455 


3,350 


Edgartown, 


2,545 


3'i'5 




Nantucket, 


28,724 


6,067 

1,213.008 


22,697 


3'75J,346 


2,544,714 


Excess ot Detjc 


mures paid, ice. 1 
Tr 


n Ipswicn OC ii.dj 
ue net Revenue, 


jart'n, 2,^76 


2,542,338 



1 ayments into 
the U. States' 
Treasury. 



1,168,902 

134,095 

20,510 

29,046 

37,177 

16,616 
6,413 

7,5 '2 
3,226 
1,970 
5^95 6 

1,431,423 



16 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Payment into 
he U. States' 



Grovs Anioimi 
of Duties on 
Import*-', &c. 
i6'S9ST77' 



Net Amount 
of Rci'cnuc. 



1810. 

Aggregates in 
United S^tcr. 

ILxcess of Dcucnruies jMid, .Sec m various Distrtcrs, 26.02Sn 
'iVue net Rf. venue, i.''.,7 5 6, 'S3 i 



PayM'ents fot 
Dr.iwback, S:c 

4. 14 f. 646 



12,782,859 



Treasury, 



8,803,660 















l^ayments into the TJ. S 
Treasury from April 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Bcrton, 


I So I, to Auri! 1804. 


6%. 96 1 


7804. 


1811 


6-.I.OS 400 


Ui7,;soi 


140,383 


Saiem, 


I, c:? 4. ,49 P. 


23.023 


38,523 




N.^w York, 


I 2,862,020 


94,00 £ 


.66,363 




Phnadclphi.!, 


7'777>>65 


74.168 


81,163 




BrJtirnore, 


3 ^*^>i=9^'3 


^4-253 


(^3,480 




Norfolk, 


1.761,673 


^7^59'i- 


3--:i,B-19 




Ch2r!e;t?p, 


3,031,639 


40,572 


48,050 





Summary of the Value of Expoits from M:issaciiusetts, including the District of 
Maine, for twenty cne (and from the United States for seventeen) successive 
Years 



Years. 



Massachusetts, 
Unif^d Str^'es. 



179; 



1 792 



iTyi5. 



I 1704 



2,519,650! 2,888,109! a,V\3o,5-i6l 5,292441 
8,^9().202'2 J.oo(;.^68 '6,01 1,7.^0133,043,725 



f79v 



7,117.907 
46,855,856 



Years. 1790. 

Mass. 9,949-345 
U. S. 67.064,097 


1797- 

7,502,047 

51,294.710 


...'798:_ 

8,639,252 

61,327,41 1 


T799 i8co 1 i8or. 


1 1.421,591 f 1,326 876 14,870.556 
78 665.522 70,971,78093.020.51 5 



! bO- 



Mass. 113 492,632 8,708,566 
U. S '7r.9;7,i44 '''-3>800,0'>o 



ibc4 



16,894,379 

77,6yy.o? 



Foreion. 



Domestic. I Foreign. 1 Total. 
5.697,051 13,738,60619.435,657 
'42,387,002153.179,01995,066.0211 



l^', cniv>ct I-, 18^5, 10 iS-rp 30. t^'.on I'Voni Oct. i , 1806, to tiep. 30, 1 8U7. 
...>onief ic I i'oreiQn. 1 1 otal 



Y^-dfi ^ 

i' oreign 
Ivl'^j 6,621,69 1.4, 577,54'.l2 1, 1 99,24, 
U. .S. '43^904.,CO> 1x0.283. 23r| . 037.-^72 5 . 



A.)jine.tic. j Foreign. 
<^ji85, 748^3,926,377 
i8,70'),CO0i59,643,558 



Total. 

20,1 12.125 

'o^34355« 



i'eais. fior^ vJct. if 1 807. to Sep. 30. 1 808. Fro-n Oct. i . 1 808. to Sep 30, i 809. 

1 Jjo.r.jslic 1 Forc'gii 

M..SS I 1 ;! 8,632' 3,aiC<,6 



Tot..ii. I JJoiiitstic. 
4,12 8 3.22! {3,032,729 



Fcifcigd 
6,119,56-^ 



rotal. 
»2, 142, 293 



^ Cuts }!■ rom Oct. i,l«0;^. toSep 30, 1 8 1 Q . From Oct 1 , l » i o, to ii^[). 3 0,1^11 

Doniesiic. I Fortii'O. 



^i Dv'iiiestic. 

•Jiss.l '?,76i.7'-i 



Foreign. Totul. j Doniesuc. I Fortigo. j lotal. j 
7 , 2 5i,'"2 77it3.ot3,04>| 6,042,645! 5,192,820111,235,465 j 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



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«78 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



A Table of the Exports, Tonnage, United States' Revenue, &c. &c. for the 
District of Boston pnd Ch■^r'e<5t^\vn 





Toofiiige o}|i'onna>;e ot Tonnaoe 


Total 


Vo.UC Ui V,trU- Ul 


•vcvcnue 




Registered 


Coasting of Fishing 


Value of 


Foreign Domes- 


on Im- 


Years. 


vessels 


vessels oth-; vessels 


Exports 


Articles tic Arti 


post and 




whicli be- 


erthan those other than 




Lxport- cJes Ex 


I'onnage 




longed to 


under 20 those undei 




"d. ported.* 






tiiis District 


Tons. 20 Tons. 












n the seve 
















ral dates. 
!\ins. 95ths 
85,563,60 








Dollars. 






1809 


Tons, v.hhs' Tons, 95th: 


)olIars 


Dollars 


• "dollars. 


iS.539.90 


3=03 5'7 5 


,-988-77 


:; 9 79S48 400902 y 


600017 


1810 


100,080,74 


30;220,I2 


2,987,86 


■; IT 5099 


i5254203.T89679 


2789838 


1811. 


107.421^,19 


30,207,08 


2,751,28 


5852017 


jSr4377 304-^640 


, 700666 



Note. — There being many articles imported which are free of duty, and many 
that pay a specific duty, without immense labor, the value of Imports cannot be 
ascertained, but it is known that they greatly exceed in value the Exports. 

In 1807, there were 693 vesstls cleared out at this office for foreign ports ; of 
these, 37 were for France ; 73 for Spain, Italy, and the Mediterranean ; 51 for 
Holland, Germany, and the Hanse f owns ; 18 for England, Scotland, and Ire- 
land ; in fine, those for European, Asiatic, and African ports, and the Noith 
West Coast, altogether, were 229. The others were for the West Indies, and 
©ther places in North and South America. Since that period, the channels of 
comnietce have materially changed. 

A General Enumeration of the Articles Exported. 
Domestic Articles. 
Flour, Corn, Rice, Cotton, Tobacco, Bread Stuff, Beef, Pork, Bacon, Butter, 
Cheese, Lard, Dried and Pickled Fish, Oil, Spermaceti, Whalebone. Lu.uber of 
all kinds, Ndval Stores, Beans, Pease, Potatoes, Apples, Candles, Soap, New Or- 
leans Sugar, Loaf Su^ar, Hops, Wax, Furniture, Beer, Boots, Shoes, N.E.Rum, 
Gin, Linseed Oil, Spirits of I'urpentine, Cables and Cordage, Nails, iron. Clo- 
ver Seed, Cotton Yarn, Onions, Vinegar, and Manufactures of various kinds. 

Foreign Articles 
Dye Woods, English, ludia, German, Russia, French, Scotch, and Irish 
Piece Goods and Hrird Ware, vVines, Spirits, Teas, Sugars, Coffee, Cocoa, Fruits, 
Spices, Molasses, Ind^gOjCotton, Cochineal, Manufactures of Lead, Paints, Cord- 
age, Hemp, Porter, Cigars, Cheese, Candles, Nails, Iron, Iron Hoops, Sec. 

State Debts and Credits. 



The revenue of this commonwealth is principally derived from an annual tax up- 
on polls, the estates, real and personal, of the citizens, and from the sale of public 
lands. The following abstract of the state of the Treasury of the Comnon wealth 
of Massachusetts, January i , 1813, exhibits the public stocks, and other particulars 
relative to our funds, that may not be uiiinttrcsting. 

Due Irorn the Comiuonwealth, viz. 



* Value of Rice, Cotton, Flour, Tobacco, Staves, and Naval Stores, exported 
(being piincipaliy the produce of the Soudiern States) in the year 1809, which 
it is presumed, bears a relative proportion in amount, to the Exporti of other 
ytais, 2,294,109 dollars. 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



75 



On warrants on the treasury files, for gratuities to soldiers, and 
on v;iricus ro'ls, ..... 

Urijaid January I, morning, of the several instalments of the 
public debt, that had become due at different periods, 

Interest on the public debt, unprovided for, due this day, 

Balance cf the [uMic debt unprovided for, 

On consolidated notes, army notes, and new emis^^ion bills out- 
standing, which may be redeemed agreeably to the act making 
provision for the public debt, estimated at - - 

Due to the Unien Bank, for money borrowed at the same, at 
sundry times, to pay on the instalments of the public debt, and the 
ordinary expenses of government, 

Due to the Boston Bank, for money bo! rowed at the same, for 
purposes as above, . - » - 

Dolls. 
Due to the Commonwealth, viz. 

On the taxes issued from the year 1805 to 1812, both inclu?iva. 

Due from the late treasurer of the commonwealth, and liis sure- 
ties, exclu:-ive of interest, and from the sher.lfs of the several coun- 
ties, on treasurer's warrants issued against delinquent collectors of 
taxes, . - . , . 

Kemainino due on bonds and notes, given for lands sold, &c. 
and deposited in the treasury office previous to January I, 1813, 

Remaining unpaid of the funded six per cenc stock of the Unit- 
ed States belonging to the commoriweaith, 

Do. of the three rer cent do. . - - 

The interest and reimbursement of principal due on the above 
stocks, and payable this day, - « . 

Cash oa hand, January i, morning, - - _ 



12,197 16 

17,644 90 

549,058 48 



N. B. Stock in the Bns'on Bank, 600,000 

Do. in the Union Bank, 400,000 



98,473 80 

67,000 00 

103,000 00 

884,027 49 

196.267 8f 

66, ^uj 03 
i3?,75i 52 
304.881 52 

249,760 2£» 
19,268 59 

8,496 c8 
Dolls. 977,944 79 



Banks. 



Dolls. 1,000.000 



By the statutes incorporating banks in this commonwealth, it is provided, that 
if any loss or deficiency shall arise from the cfficifil mismansgement of the direc- 
tors of any bank, the stockholders at such time, shall be liable to pay the same ia 
their individual capacities ; but no stockholder shall be liable to pay a sum exceed- 
ing the amount of the stock actually then held by him : that the stockholders ia 
each corporation, when the act establishing it may expire, shall be held, in their 
individual capacities, to pay all bills which may have been issued by it, and may then 
remain unpaid, in proportion to the stock which they may respectively hold: 
that one tenth part of the whole funds of each bank shall always be appropriated 
to loans, to be made to citizt-ns of this commonwealth, wherein the directors 
shall exclusively regard the agricultural and manufacturing interest : that each 
corporation shall be liable to pay to any bona fide holder, the oiiginal amount of 
ary bank note, altered in the course of its circulation to a greater amount, not- 
wiihsunding such alteration : that each corporation shall pay by way of ux, to 



80 



VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



the treasurer of this commonwealih, for the use of th.e same, within ten days af- 
ter each semi-annual dividend, the half of otis percent, on the amount of the ori- 
ginal stock, which shall at the tiaie of said dividend have been actually paid in : 
that the conimonwe;ilth shall have a right, whenever the legislature shall muke 
provialon by bw, to subscribe a sum not exceeding, generally, one half of the capi- 
til stock cf each corporation, in addition thereto : and that whenever the legisla- 
ture shall require it, each corporation shall loan to the con:manwealth any suiu of 
nioney not exceeding ten per cent, of the amount of the capital stock actually 
paid in, ot any ono time, reinbutsable by five annual instalments, or at a shorter 
period, at the election of the co;-nmonwea!th, with the aonual payments of inter- 
est, at a rate not exceeding five per cent, per annum. 

A Tabh of the Bank's in Massachusets Proper and the District of Miine. 



Namesof lianks.l C^imties 



State, 


burtoik, 


■Massachusetts, 


Do. 


Ti con, 


Do. 


EoiJton, 


Do. 


Merchants', 


Essex, 


Essex, 


Do. 


Salem, 


Do. 


G'oucestev 


Do. 


Marbiehead, 


Do. 


Beverly, 


Do. 


Mechanics% 


Do. 


Ncwburyport, 


Do. 


Plymouth, 


Plymouth. 


Taunton, 


Bristol. 


Bedford, 


Do. 


Phoinix, 


Nantucket. 


^fci#Treket Pacific 


Do. 


Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Saco, 


York. 


Portland, 


Cumberland. 


Cumberlar,J, 


Do. 


Wiscasset, 


Lincoln- 


Bath, 


Do. 


Hall. & Augusta, 


Kennebeck. 


Kennebeck, 


Do. 



Towns. 
Boston. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Salem. 

Do. 

Do. 
Gloucester. 
Marblehead. 
Beverly. 
NewbVirypcrt 

Do. 
Plymouth. 
Taunion. 
New Bedfoid 
Nantucket. 

Do. 
Worcester. 
Saco. 
Portland. 

Do. 
Wiscasset. 
Bath. 

Hallowell. 
-Vugusta. 

Capital Bank Stock in the Commonweali 
Do. in Massi-.chusetts Proper, 



rncorpov.»nop 


Expiration. 
)ct^37i83i; 


Capital. 


[une 27,i8i I 


300CC00 


June 23,i8Ji 


Oct I, r83(. 


I 6oooro 


Do. 


Oct 3,1831. 


1200C00 


Do. 


Do. 


i8cccoo 


June 26,1811 


Oct. I, 1831. 


3COO00 


Jane 18,1799 


July I, 1819. 


4000C0 


June 23,181-2 


Oct. 1,1831. 


2 00000 


Do. 


Do. 


1 20000 


Do. 


Do. 


120000 


Do. 


Do. 


160000 


Do. 


Do. 


2 c 0000 


Do. 


Do. 


350000 


Do. 


Do. 


I oocoo 


Do. 


Do. 


lOOCOO 


Do. 


Do. 


2COOOO 


Do. 


D:>. 


I r 0000 


Do. 


Oct. 3, 1831. 


TOCOOO 


Do. 


Oct 1, 1831 


2 C 0000 


Do. 


Do. 


120000 


[une 15,1709 


July 1, 1 8 19. 


300000 


June 23,1812 


Oct. I, 1831. 


3CCOOO 


Do. 


Do. 


250000 


Do. 


Do. 


i 06000 


Do. 


Do. 


150000 


Do. 


Do. 


I oocoo 



h, Dolls. 11,570,000 
10,250,000 



Errata.— Page 10, I'ne 6 -nom bottom, to 319 dolls. 17 cts. add 30 dolls, 
the proceeds of the hemp seed. P. Ti, 1. 15 from do. dele " hor '*' P. 18, I. 
1 6 irom do. for ** they are present," read, they are at present. P. 45, 1- ' 5 f^on^ 
do. in part of the impresslvn, for " the upper has been incorporated from the low- 
er town," read, the lower hasij^en incorporated from the upper town. 



89-<« 



